犯罪本质:一个本体论的刑法学思考

The Essence of Crime:An Ontological Thinking of Criminal Law

通过考察犯罪本质争论的实然,遵循我国刑法典13条关于犯罪的定义/概念,结合其三大特征,梳理犯罪本质之学说流变,在理清前述几个容易混淆的概念基础上,本着逻辑自洽的内在性要求,犯罪本质就是犯罪侵犯了统治社会关系,即采“社会关系说”,同时这正是我国刑法理论中犯罪客体的内涵。纵观几种质疑的学说,无论是循着从“权利侵害说”衍生至“法益侵害说”,还是自“法益侵害说”突围至“规范违反说”或曰实质的“义务违反说”,又或“折衷说”,该几种观点并非没有缺点,甚至存在严重缺陷。虽说“社会关系说”并非完美,但把“社会关系说”的具体内容发展为“安全、秩序、权利”,则更加符合我国刑法理论的需要。一言以蔽之,立足于我国刑事立法及司法实践,坚持犯罪本质的“社会关系说”,发展并衍生出犯罪客体的具体内容:以“安全、秩序、权利”作为“社会关系”之内容,应是我们这一代刑法学人所应恪守的基本立场,同时也是我们应该坚持与努力的方向。

Based on the investigation of the nature of crime,following the definition/concept of crime in Article 13 of the criminal code of our country,and combining with its three major characteristics,this paper combs the evolution of the theory of the nature of crime.On the basis of clarifying the above-mentioned confusing concepts,and in line with the inherent requirement of logical self consistency,the essence of crime is that crime violates the ruling social relations,that is to say,"social relations theory"is adopted;It is the connotation of criminal object in the theory of criminal law.Throughout several theories of questioning,whether it is derived from the"right infringement theory"to the"legal interest infringement theory",or from the"legal interest infringement theory"to break through to the"norm violation theory",or the"substantive obligation violation theory",or the"compromise theory",these views are not without defects,or even have serious defects.Although the"theory of social relations"is not perfect,it is more in line with the needs of China's criminal law theory to develop the specific content of the"theory of social relations"into"security,order and rights".In a word,based on China's criminal legislation and judicial practice,adhering to the"social relationship theory"of the nature of crime,developing and deriving the specific content of the object of crimeTaking"safety,order and rights"as the content of"social relationship"should be the basic position that our generation of criminal law scholars should abide by,and also the direction that we should adhere to and strive for.