西方观念的转移与五四时期马克思主义留学生群体的形成

The Concept Transfer About the West and the Group Formation of Marxist Returned Overseas Students During the May 4^(th) Movement Period

近代中国的留学生本是学习西方的思想阵营。但“一战”却使西方发生分裂,而十月革命又使得原来是整体意义的西方,变成了思想对立的两个西方——资本主义西方(传统的西方)与社会主义西方(新式的西方,即“新俄”)。两个西方的出现,使得留学生对西方这个学习对象发生了观念上的转移,一部分留学生继续学习传统的西方,而另一部分留学生则学习以“新俄”为代表的新式的西方。这样,以《新青年》为中心的留学生群体,在西方观念上发生了急剧的分化,不能继续过去的自由主义话语体系。在此情形下,随着十月革命影响的扩大和五四时期“社会改造”思想的激进化态势,中国马克思主义的留学生群体在“问题与主义”论争中初步形成,并在社会主义论战中得到巩固和壮大,从而构成了中国早期共产主义运动的核心层。中国马克思主义留学生群体的形成及其作用的发挥,推动了近代中国社会变迁的历史进程,有力地提升了马克思主义对于近代中国社会变迁的影响力。

The returned overseas students in modern China were the ideological camp of learning from the West. However,the First World War caused the West to split, and the October Revolution made the West with a whole meaning in the past, become two Wests with opposite ideologies: capitalist West (traditional West) and socialist West (New West, namely “new Russia”). The emergence of the two Wests had caused the overseas students to change their ideas about the learning object of the West. Some students continued to study the traditional West, while the other students began to study the new West represented by “new Russia”. In this way,the group of returned overseas students centered around the New Youth magazine had undergone a sharp division in their concept about the West, and they couldn’t continue the liberalism discourse system in the past. In this case, with the expanding influence of the October Revolution and the radical situation of “social transformation” thought during the May 4th Movement period,the Marxist returned overseas students in China initially formed in the “problem and doctrine” debate,who were consolidated and expanded in the socialist debate, and constituted the core group of China’s early communist movement. The group formation and function of Chinese Marxist returned overseas students promoted the historical process of social change,and effectively enhanced the influence of Marxism on the social change in modern China.