论两代太史公的发愤著史之心——兼谈《伯夷列传》的破体隐衷

On Writing Historical Records out of Determined Effort of Sima Tan and His son Sima Qian and the Stylistic Implication of Biographies of Boyi

古贤时彦曾以“太史公之心”或“司马迁之心”指称《史记》心灵史书写的主体蕴藉,但若基于语义逻辑,“太史公之心”不惟涵摄“司马迁之心”,亦应涵括“司马谈之心”。发愤著史是两代太史公的心理共振;不过,司马谈期待的是一部表彰盛世的当代史,司马迁则希冀一部继述《春秋》的万世之史,此其心相之异。《伯夷列传》事略文简,论说逾半而传述寥寥,其微旨是以史笔担公义,以史著替天道,为人立传,为世立法;其破体隐衷与《太史公自序》等篇互见,均彰显了司马迁的“继《春秋》”之心。

Ancient and modern scholars have used the expression“The Heart of Tai Shi Gong”or“The Heart of Sima Qian”to explain the subject implication of Historical Records as a history of the soul.However,based on the semantic logic,“The Heart of Tai Shi Gong”should include not only“The Heart of Sima Qian”but also“The Heart of Sima Tan”.Writing Historical Records out of determined effort is the common psychological characteristic of two generations of Tai Shi Gong,however,what Sima Tan expected was a contemporary history recording and praising the Han Dynasty,and what Sima Qian hoped was a history of all ages inheriting The Spring and Autumn Annals,which is their difference.The description of Biographies of Boyi is very simple,there are more than half of discussions and few narrative words.This implies that Sima Qian hopes to use Historical Records to take the responsibility of heaven and justice,write biographies for historical figures and make rules for the world.These hidden thoughts can also be seen in the Preface of Tai Shi Gong to Historical Records and other biographies.They all show Sima Qian’s ideal of inheriting the Spring and Autumn Annals.