制度变迁视角下中国农民合作经济的发展

Development of Chinese Farmer’s Cooperative Economy From the Perspective of Institutional Change

农民合作经济的产生与发展是我国市场经济体制转变背景下农村改革发展史上一次重大的制度创新与变迁。通过从制度经济学的研究视角分析中国农民合作经济组织的变迁历程,寻找中国农民合作经济的思想渊源,并以1978年改革开放为起点,将我国农民合作经济组织的发展历程分为三个历史阶段,采用成本-收益的研究方法,总结影响我国农民合作经济组织发展的制度性因素。研究结果表明:农民专业合作社是农民合作经济最具特点的表现形式,是农民为适应市场经济体制改革发展需要而产生的,制度需求与供给决定了合作社发展的方向,而收益与成本的比较则决定了其发展的效果。其中,非正式制度(意识形态、亲缘关系等)对合作社初期的发展有着重要影响,但随着农村市场化改革的加深,正式制度(政策、法律等)成为其发展的真正制度基础。农民专业合作社在发展过程中经历了组织机构由松散到紧密、服务由单一到多元化等过程,但目前其在规模、成员、产权与治理等方面仍存在问题,需要继续坚持制度创新,以达到均衡发展。

The emergence and development of farmers’ cooperative economy is a major institutional innovation and change in the development history of rural reform under the transformation of market economy system in China.This article analyses the change course of farmers’ cooperative economic organizations from the perspective of institutional economics,so as to seek the ideological origin. In the reform and opening-up from 1978 to the present,the development of farmers’cooperative economic organizations can be divided into three historical stages.The institutional factors affecting the development of farmers’ cooperative economic organizations are summarized by using the research method of cost and benefit.The results show that farmer cooperatives are produced to meet the needs of the reform and development of the market economy system.Among them,informal system(ideology,kinship,etc.)has an important influence on the initial development of cooperatives,but with the deepening of rural market-oriented reform,formal system(policies,laws,etc.)has become the real institutional basis for its development.In the process of development,farmers’ cooperatives have experienced the process from loose organization to close organization and from single service to diversified services.However,at present,there are still problems in the aspects of scale, membership, property right and governance.Therefore,it is necessary to continue to adhere to institutional innovation to reach the conclusion of balanced development.