青藏高原国家公园群生态系统完整性与原真性评估框架

Ecosystem integrity and authenticity assessment framework in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau National Park Cluster

青藏高原具有全球独特的自然生态和人文生态系统,生态系统完整性与原真性极高,建设国家公园群是青藏高原整体性保护重要生态系统完整性与原真性的重要手段。遵循"内涵界定-框架梳理-框架构建"的研究思路,科学界定国家公园生态系统完整性和原真性内涵并建立概念模型,通过梳理国家公园生态系统完整性评估的主要框架,在对区域自然生态和社会人文系统科学考察的基础上,分析区域生态系统完整性与原真性保护与监管需求,从生境质量、生物群落、生态系统服务、自然条件与灾害、人类活动、人文景观6个方面构建青藏高原国家公园群潜在建设区生态系统完整性与原真性评估框架,以期为未来国家公园群建设与管理提供基础支撑。针对目前国家公园管理存在的主要问题,提出未来评估应用需充分体现国家公园复合生态系统和"群"的特征,并建立生态系统完整性与原真性监测体系,从而更全面的服务于青藏高原国家公园群生态系统完整性与原真性保护。

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a unique natural and human ecosystem in the world and extremely high value of the ecosystem integrity and authenticity. The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster is an important approach to protect the integrity and authenticity of important ecosystems. This study followed the research concept of "connotation definition-framework combing-framework construction". Based on reviewing relevant research progress, the connotation of national park ecosystem integrity and authenticity was scientifically defined. The integrity and authenticity of the national park ecosystem was the integrity of ecosystem composition and the ecological process, and the authenticity of the natural and cultural heritage, which presented a state of nature and wilderness without human disturbance. The conceptual model of national park ecosystem integrity and authenticity was the integration of physical integrity, chemical integrity, biological integrity and humanistic authenticity. The current main assessment framework of national park ecosystem integrity was listed and compared, including the Index of Biotic Integrity, the Three Level Approach, the Ecosystem Integrity Assessment Framework, the Essential Ecosystem Characteristics Assessment Framework, and the Parks Canada′s Framework for Assessing Ecological Integrity. The framework for assessing the ecosystem integrity and authenticity of the proposed area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster was constructed on the basis of scientific investigation and analysis of the regional natural and social ecosystems and summarizing the existing ecosystem integrity assessment frameworks. Research approach for constructing assessment framework was drawed from the perspective of reflecting the diversity of ecosystem types and species resources, the particularity of natural geographical features, the fragility of the ecological environment, the importance of ecosystem services, the representativeness of human activities, and the richness of human landscapes. Habitat quality, biological communities, ecosystem services, natural conditions and disasters, human activities, humanity landscape were selected and included into the assessment framework, with the purpose of providing a basis for the future national park ecosystem integrity and authenticity protection. In view of the main problems existing in the management of national park, it is proposed that the future assessment framework should fully reflect the characteristics of the composite ecosystem and cluster feature of the national parks. Main research issues of future concern were to combine evaluation indicators and determine weights according to different types of national parks, to integrate quantitative and qualitative indicators, to meet the requirements of evaluation accuracy without excessively relying field surveys, to show the human landscape with quantitative spatial expression, and to obtain evaluation results according to different management needs. A monitoring system for the integrity and authenticity of the ecosystem should be established for comprehensively serving the ecosystem integrity and authenticity protection of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau National Park Cluster.