青藏高原生态系统完整性远程评价与国家公园群建设时序研究

Remote assessment on ecosystem integrity of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and research on National Parks Group construction sequence

青藏高原是我国重要生态安全屏障,保有大量重要的受人类活动干扰较小的自然生态系统。但近年来受社会经济发展和气候变化的影响,高原生态系统面临退化风险。为了更好地守护地球第三极,第二次青藏科考提出建立青藏高原国家公园群的科学构想。为了全面掌握人类胁迫和气候变化背景下,青藏高原生态系统完整性维持情况,并识别生态系统完整性维持较好的区域,为青藏高原国家公园群的规划布局提供支撑,研究基于对生态系统完整性内涵的理解以及青藏高原生态系统特征,借鉴加拿大国家公园生态系统完整性评估框架,构建了"格局-质量-功能-问题-压力"生态系统完整性远程评估框架,对青藏高原生态系统完整性进行了综合评估并分析了其空间格局特征。结果显示:青藏高原整体维持了较好的生态系统完整性,分别有3.52%、7.51%和70.71%的区域生态系统完整性等级为优、良和中,但受人类胁迫影响,部分区域生态系统完整受到破坏,分别有18.17%和0.10%的区域生态系统完整性等级为较差和极差。从空间上看,青藏高原东部地区生态系统完整性整体高于西部地区。从生态系统完整性保护的角度看,青藏高原可用于建设国家公园的备选区数量多、分布广,且呈现大面积连片分布的格局。目前正在开展的三江源、祁连山、大熊猫、普达措等国家公园体制试点区均具有较高的生态系统完整性。为了加快推动生态系统完整性高的区域保护,根据青藏高原国家公园潜在建设区的生态系统完整性指数结果,建议优先启动雅鲁藏布大峡谷、色林错-普若岗日、独龙江三江并流、若尔盖、贡嘎山、稻城亚丁等国家公园建设,待条件成熟后,再逐步启动其他具有景观、文化价值的国家公园建设。

As an important ecological security barrier in China, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau maintains a large number of important natural ecosystems that are less disturbed by human activities. However, due to the impact of socio-economic development and climate change in recent years, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ecosystem is facing the risk of degradation. In order to better protect the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau-the third pole of the earth, the secondly comprehensive scientific investigation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau proposed the scientific concept of establishing the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau National Park Group. In order to fully understand the ecosystem integrity status of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under the background of human stress and climate change, basing on the understanding of the ecosystem integrity connotation and the ecosystem characteristic of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and referring to the ecosystem integrity assessment framework of the Canadian national park, this study builds an indicator system for remote assessment of ecosystem integrity based on the "pattern-quality-function-problem-pressure" framework, and makes a comprehensive assessment of ecosystem integrity of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and then analyzes its characteristics of spatial pattern. The results show that the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau maintains a fair ecosystem integrity. Ecosystem integrity in 3.52% of the region is at excellent level, 7.51% of the region is at good level, 70.71% of the region is at fair level, 18.17% of the region is at poor level, and only 0.10% of the region is at terrible level. From a spatial pattern perspective, the overall ecosystem integrity of the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is higher than that of the western part. From the perspective of ecosystem integrity protection, there are a large number and wide distribution of areas in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau suitable for building national parks, and it appears in the pattern of large area and continuous distribution. The current pilot areas of national park system in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau such as Three-River Source, Qilian Mountain, Giant Panda, and Pudacuo all have high ecosystem integrity. To accelerate the protection of areas with high ecosystem integrity,according to the ecosystem integrity index of the potential construction areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau National Park Cluster, it is recommended to give priority to the construction of the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Park, Selincu-Puruogangri National Park, Three Parallel Rivers National Park, Ruoergai National Park, Gongga Mountain National Park and Daocheng Yading National Park;and waiting for the condition is mature, then gradually starting up the construction of the other national parks with landscape and cultural value.