基于生态系统敏感性与生态功能重要性的高原湖泊分区保护研究——以达里湖流域为例

Protection measures of plateau lake based on ecosystem sensitivity and importance of ecosystem function: the case of Lake Dalinor Basin

内蒙古高原湖泊流域是我国北方地区重要的涵养水源区域,发挥着防汛抗旱、气候调节、生物多样性维持等多种生态系统功能。近几十年来,全球气候变化加之人类活动加剧,导致内蒙古高原湖泊的数量和面积大幅减少,流域生态系统的损害日益明显,严重威胁到了周边地区的生态安全,保护与治理内蒙古高原湖泊流域已逐渐成为社会各界关注及迫切需要解决的问题。面向内蒙古高原湖泊流域保护和管理需求,以改善和提升流域生态环境质量和生态系统功能为目的,以内蒙古高原湖泊达里湖流域为研究对象,基于流域生态特性和主要生态环境问题,选取水土流失、土壤侵蚀及土地沙化敏感性3个指标评价了流域生态系统敏感性,从水源涵养、土壤保持和生境质量重要性3个方面评价了流域生态系统功能重要性,并在此基础上,通过GIS空间分析技术将流域分为极重要敏感区,一般重要敏感区和低重要敏感区。结合流域内达里诺尔国家级自然保护区的生态重要性与3个区域评价结果,从生态保护角度将流域分为禁止开发区、重点保护区、质量提升区与潜在威胁区4个区域,同时提出针对每个区域特点的保护与管理对策。研究结果对提高高原地区湖泊流域生态环境质量以及对流域实施科学有效的管理提供了科学依据,同时在促进区域乃至全球生态建设和可持续发展方面具有重要的理论与现实意义。

The plateau lake basins of Inner Mongolia are important water conservation areas in northern China. They can provide a variety of ecosystem functions such as flood prevention and drought resistance, climate regulation, and biodiversity maintenance. Global climate change and human activities in recent years have led to a significant reduction in the number and area of lakes on the Inner Mongolia Plateau. They are increasingly damaging the ecosystem of plateau lakes and their basins, which has seriously threatened the ecological security of surrounding areas and impeded the ecological construction across the nation. Protection and management of lake basins on the Inner Mongolia Plateau have gradually become a concern and urgent problem to be solved by all sectors of society. With the purpose of improving and enhancing the ecological environment quality and ecosystem functions of the basin, this paper takes the Lake Dalinor basin on the Inner Mongolia Plateau as the research object. Based on the ecological characteristics of the basin and the main ecological environmental issues, three indicators of soil loss, soil erosion and land desertification sensitivity are chosen to evaluate the ecosystem sensitivity of the basin. The importance of the basin ecosystem function is evaluated from three aspects of water conservation, soil conservation and the importance of habitat quality. On this basis, the basin is divided into extremely important-sensitive areas, general important-sensitive areas, and low important-sensitive areas through GIS. Taking the ecosystem importance of the Dalinor National Nature Reserve in the basin into consideration and the results of three regional evaluations, the basin is divided into four areas, namely prohibited zone, key protection zone, quality improvement zone and potential threat zone. The protection measures of the basin are proposed according to each region′s ecological characteristics. This research results provide a scientific basis for improving the ecological environment quality of lake basins in plateau areas and implementing scientific and effective management of the basins. At the same time, it has important theoretical and practical significance in promoting regional and global ecological construction and sustainable development.