粉末发动机技术研究现状及展望

Research progresses and prospect of powdered fuel engine technology

对目前在研究的Al/AP、金属粉末/空气、金属粉末/CO_(2)、金属粉末/H_(2)O等推进剂体系的多种粉末发动机发展现状进行了综述,表明粉末发动机可分为粉末火箭发动机、粉末冲压发动机、粉末爆震发动机三大类,不同推进剂体系的粉末发动机应用方向差异较大:Al/AP推进剂火箭发动机是最典型的粉末发动机,应用领域和常规火箭发动机的相同,其技术成熟度相对较高;金属粉末/空气冲压发动机主要用于超音速导弹或高超音速导弹推进领域;金属粉末/CO_(2)推进剂体系主要应用于火星开发;金属粉末/H_(2)O推进剂体系可用于水下推进、空间推进、金属制氢等领域,应用前景广阔,是目前的研究热点。各种粉末发动机都涉及三项关键技术,即粉末推进剂配方技术、粉末推进剂输送及流量调节技术、粉末燃料燃烧组织技术,文中提出了这些技术的基本要求,同时认为粉末推进剂输送及流量调节技术是粉末发动机的技术瓶颈。

Research progress of several types of powdered fuel engines,i.e.Al/AP,metal powder/air,metal powder/CO_(2),met⁃al powder/H_(2)O propellant systems,were summarized.It showes that powdered fuel engines can be classified reasonably into three cat⁃egories:powder rocket engine,powder ramjet,and powdered fuel detonation engine.Application areas are various for the different propellant systems.Al/AP powder rocket is the most typical powdered fuel engine which has higher technical readiness and has the same application areas with conventional rocket engines.Metal powder ramjet based on metal/air propellants can be used in supersonic or hypersonic cruise missiles.Rocket/ramjet engines based on metal/CO_(2) propellant will be utilized in Mars explorations.The metal powder/H_(2)O propellant,however,can be designed as rocket or ramjet,as well as a hydrogen producing device.It has a wide applica⁃tion prospect and is a hot research topic.Three items of key technologies are all involved in any categories,i.e.,powdered propellant formulation techniques,conveying and flow adjustment of powdered propellants,and the powdered fuel combustion organization tech⁃nologies.Rudimental requirements for these key technologies were proposed in the paper.Meanwhile,conveying and flow adjustment technique of powdered propellant was regarded as bottleneck for powdered engines developing.