北宋边境界河的水利兴修及安全管理——兼论西、北“巡边”机制的演变

Water Conservancy Maintenance and Safety Management of the Border River in the Northern Song Dynasty--Also on the Evolution of the“Border Patrol”Mechanism in the Western and Northern Border areas

白沟河作为宋辽边境界河,宋廷对其管理十分严格。澶渊之盟前夕,朝廷加紧整修界河,保障界河水利畅通和周围灌溉农业的发展。朝廷对其水情的监测,防止泛溢的同时,为补给周围塘沥,限制戎马,供给军需,增强国防发挥了作用。宋廷对白沟周围两属地有宽松的保护政策,但白沟河却是管理的禁区,有严格的渔猎和走私禁令。宋廷在界河设置巡检三员,隶属于河北沿边安抚司,负责统兵巡逻,其次又置巡铺作为巡逻据点。界河巡检一般一月一出巡,每年秋冬两次上奏边情。若发现违反禁令者,巡逻将士可对其实施捕杀。但巡逻将士需遵守誓约,不得越境执法,否则要受到朝廷惩处。宋初巡边者一般被朝廷赋予特殊重任,在边患严峻时期有皇帝亲巡北边的惯例。澶渊之盟签订以后,北宋的巡边机制逐步走向常态化,规定了缘边各级长官及统兵官的巡边职责以及巡边的时间、频次等,并建立了巡边司,组建了巡边队伍,边境巡察制度日益严格化。

The Baigou River,as a border river between Song and Liao,was under strict administration of the Song government.On the eve of Chanyuan Treaty,the court stepped up the renovation of the boundary river,ensuring the smooth flow of water in the boundary river and the development of irrigated agriculture around it.The imperial court monitored its water conditions,which had not only prevented flooding but played a role in replenishing the surrounding ponds,limiting Hummers,supplying military supplies,and strengthening national defense.The Song government had a loose protection policy for the two territories around Baigou,but the Baigou River was a restricted area,with strict fishing and hunting and smuggling bans.They set up three patrol inspectors in the boundary river,which belonged to the Hebei Border Appeasement Department,responsible for patrolling the unified troops,and then set up a courier station as a patrol base.The patrol inspectors usually patrolled once a month,and reported the information to the Court twice a year in autumn and winter.If a violator of the bans was found,the patrol officer could kill him.However,the patrol officers must abide by the pledge and must not cross the border to enforce the law,otherwise they would be punished by the court.At the beginning of the Song Dynasty,the patrol officers were generally given special responsibilities by the imperial court,but in periods of severe border troubles,there was a custom of the emperor to patrol the north.After the signing of the Chanyuan Alliance,the patrol mechanism of the Northern Song Dynasty gradually became normalized,the patrol duties of the officers and officers at all levels and the time and frequency of the patrol being stipulated,and the patrol division being established and a patrol team formed.And the border inspection system had become increasingly strict.