从扬雄《方言》看秦晋方言在汉代通语中的地位

Status of Qin-Jin(秦晋)Dialect in Standard Chinese of Han Dynasty:A Perspective of Dialect by Yang Xiong

不少研究认为秦晋方言是扬雄时代通语的基础方言,但这种观点仍有进一步讨论的余地。扬雄《方言》中训释词的特征和性质是审视秦晋方言在汉代通语中地位的关键所在。以往研究关注的秦晋方言在训释词中的使用频次无疑是非常重要的信息,但需要把它跟训释词和秦晋方言的关系、训释词与其他方言的关系结合起来考虑。训释词的方言来源可分为两大类:一类训释词为通语,但大部分来自秦晋方言之外;一类训释词不是通语,其中小部分与秦晋方言相同。因此,从训释词的方言来源看,《方言》本身并不能提供支持秦晋方言就是汉代通语基础方言这一观点的确凿证据。汉代通语应该是以“传统标准汉语”为基础,吸收包括秦晋方言在内的汉语方言成分而形成的,但不可否认秦晋方言在其中居于重要地位。

Qin-Jin(秦晋)Dialect was thought the basic dialect of standard Chinese in Han(汉)Dynasty.Based on an exhaustive investigation of the properties of the interpretive words,this paper discovers that Yang Xiong’s Dialect does not support this opinion by itself.The frequency of use of Qin-Jin dialect in the interpretive words,which was concerned by previous studies,is undoubtedly very important information,but it needs to be considered in combination with the relationship between the interpretive words and Qin-Jin dialect,and the relationship between the interpretive words and other dialects.The dialect sources of the interpretive words can be divided into two categories:one is the common language,but most of them come from Qin-Jin dialect;the other is not common language,few are from Qin-Jin dialect.Standard Chinese in Han(汉)Dynasty should have absorbed some other Chinese dialects including Qin-Jin Dialect on the basis of traditional standard Chinese,and Qin-Jin Dialect played an important role in it.