后韩愈时代的“师说”——“师道仍不传”的困境与出路

“Discourse on Teachers”in the Post-Han Yu Era:the Dilemma and Way out of“the Tradition of Learning from the Teacher is Still not Passing on”

韩愈撰《师说》疾呼"师道不传",并将其原因归结为"耻学于师"。韩愈之后专门讨论教师问题的文章累世而增,自宋初至清末"师说"类文章竟有127篇之多。后世"师说"有一个共同的主题——"师道仍不传",具体表现为"师不传道"、"为师以利"和"士不慕学"三个方面,后世学者将造成这种局面的罪魁祸首指向日益"畸形"的科举制度,同时注意到经济的发展对教师职业产生的实质影响。为使师道得传,后世学者也提出了解决问题的方案:其一,应提高教师选拔的标准,"择经明行修者为师";其二,教师应有更高的职业追求,"为师当为不可易之师";其三,应共同营造尊师社会氛围,"尊师敬学而后道传"。这既是走出历史困境的出路,也为解决当下教师问题提供了宝贵的历史经验。

"Discourse on Teachers"written by the Tang dynasty scholar Han Yu screamed that"the tradition of learning from the teacher has long been lost"and attributed the reason to"shame on learning from the teacher".After Han Yu,articles devoted to the issue of teachers have increased over generations.From the beginning of the Song Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty,more than 100 articles talked about teachers.There is a common theme among the later"hundreds of articles on teachers"--"the tradition of learning from the teacher is still not passing on"--which is specifically expressed in three aspects,"the teacher does not preach","teaching for profit"and"students do not admire learning".The later scholars pointed to the increasingly"deformed"imperial examination system as the chief culprit of this situation,at the same time,they paid attention to the substantial impact of economic development on the teaching profession.To spread the tradition of learning from the teacher,later scholars have also proposed solutions:Firstly,the criteria for selecting teachers should be improved,and"select those who are good both in character and scholarship as teachers";secondly,teachers should have higher professional pursuits,"being a teacher that cannot be changed";Thirdly,we should create a social atmosphere of respecting teachers jointly,"respect teachers and learning,and then the tradition of learning from the teacher will pass on".This is not only a way to walk out of the historical predicament,but also provides valuable historical experience for solving the current teachers’problems.