明代南京佛寺的选址与景观风貌特征

Site Selection and Landscape Features of Nanjing Buddhist Temples in Ming Dynasty

明代是南京佛寺发展的鼎盛时期,佛寺数量众多,佛教文化繁荣。本文以明代葛寅亮所著《金陵梵刹志》为基础,结合其他史料,深入分析明代南京佛寺的选址与景观风貌特征。明代南京佛寺选址多集中于“山林地”和“城市地”,部分位于“河湖地”。其中,建于“山林地”的佛寺多集中于钟山、牛首山和雨花台,建于“城市地”的佛寺多集中于内城片区、外城南部和东部片区,建于“河湖地”的佛寺多集中于青溪、内秦淮河及玄武湖周边。明代南京佛寺的建筑布局基本定型,具备汉传佛寺布局的一般特征,即以一条中轴线贯穿整个佛寺,中轴线两侧建筑对称设置,且该时期皇家敕建的大刹规格极高,建筑类型最为完备。明代南京佛寺景观风貌的形成与佛寺内部空间的功能、外环境的影响密切相关。佛寺内部空间格局由“礼拜祭祀”“讲经传法”“生活起居”三大功能决定,形成前导空间、朝拜空间、研修空间和生活空间,通过山门、影壁、院墙、廊、庑、植物等进行联结与分隔;同时,佛寺与南京的山、水、城市之景相融合,形成不同特色的景观风貌。

The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of the development of Buddhist temples in Nanjing. There were a large number of Buddhist temples with prosperous Buddhist culture. Based on the Jinling Buddhist Temples written by Ge Yinliang of Ming Dynasty and other historical materials,this paper analyzes the site selection and landscape features of the Buddhist temples in Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty. Most of them were located in"mountain and woodland"and"urban land",and some were located in"river and lake land". Among them,those built in the"mountain and woodland"were mostly in Zhongshan Mountain,Niushou Mountain and The Rain Flower Terrace. Those built in the"urban area"were mostly in the inner city area,the southern and eastern areas of the outer city,and those built in the"river and lake land"were mainly around Qingxi Lake,Inner Qinhuai River and Xuanwu Lake. The architectural layout of the Buddhist temples in Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty has basically fallen into a pattern with the general characteristics of the Buddhist temple layout in the Han Dynasty. A north-south central axis runs through the entire Buddhist temple with the symmetric buildings on both sides of the axis. The imperial temples built in that period are of high specifications with all architectural types. The formation of the Buddhist temple landscape is closely related to the internal space function of the Buddhist temples and the external environment. The internal spatial arrangement addresses the three functions of"worship and sacrifice"," preaching the scriptures"and"daily living". Different spaces are connected and separated through mountain gates,screen walls,courtyard walls,corridors,verandas and plants etc. Meanwhile,the Buddhist temples are integrated with the scenery of Nanjing,forming unique landscape features.