利用近缘种属优良基因改良小麦研究进展

Research Progress on Wheat Improvement by Using Desirable Genes from Its Relative Species

小麦是我国以及全球最重要的粮食作物之一。随着人口增长、气候变化和人们对高品质生活的追求,需要培育高产、多抗且优质的小麦品种,确保小麦安全生产和小麦产业健康发展。由于在培育小麦新品种过程中严格持续不断的人工选择,小麦初级基因库已得到充分开发。利用小麦的近缘次级基因库,将传统的育种技术和分子育种技术结合,通过细胞遗传学、分子标记辅助选择和基因工程等方法将小麦近缘种属中的优良基因引入到小麦染色体组中可突破这一育种瓶颈,培育符合当代育种目标的小麦新品种。本文简要介绍了将小麦主要近缘种属及将其蕴含的优良性状和优良外源基因引渗到小麦基因组中的主要技术及特点,重点综述了利用近缘种属优良基因改良小麦抗病性、品质和生长发育等性状的最新研究进展,讨论了目前存在的问题和发展趋势,以期促进小麦近缘种属优良基因的挖掘和新品种培育。

Wheat is one of the most important staple food crops all over the world. With the growing population, climate change, and people’s yearning for a better life, the breeding of high-quality, high-yield, and multi-resistance wheat varieties are need to secure wheat production and industrial development. However, due to the strict and continuous manual selection by breeders to develop new wheat varieties, the wheat primary gene pool has been fully utilized. Therefore, it is essential to use the secondary gene pool of wheat relatives and introduce some desirable genes into the wheat genome from its relative species through cytogenetics, molecular marker-assisted selection, and genetic engineering in combination with traditional breeding techniques and advanced biotechnology strategies, which can break through this breeding bottleneck and develop new wheat varieties to meet the objectives of contemporary breeding. This paper briefly reviews some main related species and genera of wheat and potential characters harbored in these plants, and some key techniques and their features by which the available foreign genes can be transferred into wheat from its wild relatives by translocation. The latest research progress on the breeding modification of wheat for disease resistance, quality enhancement, growth, and development regulation were also reviewed in this paper. Besides, the existing problems and future aspects in this field were discussed to promote the mining of excellent genes in wheat relative species and the development of new varieties of wheat.