刑事庭审实质化视域下法官认知体系的建构

The Construction of Judge’s Cognitive System from the Perspective of Criminal Trial Substantiation

刑事审判中的法官认知偏差具有阶段差异性,主要分为事实认知偏差、法律认知偏差和社会认知偏差,存在于证据材料处理、证据证明力认证、案件事实认定和案件裁判四个阶段;隧道视野、印证证明、经验法则、锚定效应、选择性注意和投射效应是法官认知偏差形成的主要影响因素。对法官认知偏差进行有效控制,可从法官自身修正、外部因素革除和程序制度防范三方面入手,即法官通过理性认知思维养成、专业知识结构提升、庭审语言规范化、裁判文书说理等方式实现自身业务能力的精进;通过防范行政权对司法权的不当干预、协调社会舆论与司法决策的关系等途径排除外部因素对法官认知的不利影响;通过建立预审法官和专家型法官制度、建构以庭审为中心的案件审理模式、改进公诉机关量刑建议书制度等措施完善程序性预防机制。

There are different stages for the cognitive bias of judges in criminal trial, which can be divided into biases of fact cognition, legal cognition and social cognition. The cognitive bias exists in four stages: evidence material processing, evidence proving-power certification, fact finding and judgment. Tunnel vision, corroboration, rule of experience, anchoring effect, selective attention and projection effect are the main influencing factors for judge’s cognitive bias. The effective control of the bias could be conducted from three aspects: the judge’s own correction, the elimination of external factors and the prevention of procedural system. The judge’s own correction means that the judge can further improve their professional ability through cultivation of rational cognitive thinking, improvement of professional knowledge structure, standardization of court language, reasoning of judgment documents, etc;As for the external factors, the negative influence of external factors on the judge’s cognition can be eliminated by preventing the improper intervention of administrative power on judicial power, coordinating the relationship between public opinion and judicial decision-making;And the procedural prevention mechanism can be improved through the establishment of pretrial judge and expert judge system, the construction of trial-centered case trial mode, and the improvement of sentencing recommendation system of public prosecution organs.