单氰胺对3个葡萄品种休眠解除生理特性及综合品质的影响

Effects of hydrogen cyanamide on physiological characteristics of dormancy release and comprehensive berry quality of three grape cultivars

[目的]探究单氰胺处理对不同葡萄生长发育的影响,揭示破眠剂解除葡萄休眠的主要影响因子。[方法]以早黑宝、早霞玫瑰、绍星一号3个葡萄品种为试材,在设施栽培条件下进行破眠剂单氰胺(H_(2)CN_(2))涂芽处理,以清水处理为对照(CK)。观察单氰胺处理后各品种葡萄冬芽显微结构及其生长发育动态,测定各品种葡萄农艺性状、芽酶活性、叶片光合色素含量及果实外观品质和内在品质等相关生理生化指标,并结合主成分分析与综合评价指数对上述指标进行综合分析。[结果]单氰胺处理促使各品种葡萄萌芽与果实成熟阶段均显著提前,芽组织形态分化发育加快且结构良好,萌芽整齐度与萌芽率以及H_(2)O_(2)含量、POD活性均显著高于对照,而CAT活性显著降低;成熟期叶片的叶绿素b、总叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量显著升高;果实外在品质均与对照无显著差异,而可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、维生素C以及可滴定酸含量等内在品质指标在早黑宝和绍星一号葡萄中得到显著提升。结合主成分分析与综合评价指数,得到各品种葡萄综合品质排序为早黑宝(H_(2)CN_(2))>绍星一号(H_(2)CN_(2))>早黑宝(CK)>早霞玫瑰(H_(2)CN_(2))>绍星一号(CK)>早霞玫瑰(CK)。[结论]萌芽整齐度、萌芽率、H_(2)O_(2)含量、POD以及CAT活性是单氰胺解除葡萄休眠的主要影响因子;经单氰胺处理后,早黑宝葡萄的综合品质优于早霞玫瑰和绍星一号。

[Objective]Natural dormancy is an insurmountable stage during the growth and development of deciduous fruit trees.Grapevine is a perennial deciduous vine of grapevine family.If the varieties cannot meet the chilling requirement,it often leads to low germination rate and irregular germination,which seriously affects the yield and quality of berries.Therefore,breaking the natural dormancy and promoting early germination has become a key technology to be solved in forcing cultivation.The purpose of this experiment was to explore the effects of monocyandiamide treatment on the growth and development of different grapes,and to reveal the physiological and biochemical mechanism of breaking dormancy of grapes.[Methods]Three grape cultivars Zaoheibao,Zaoxia Meigui and Shaoxing No.1 were selected as test materials and treated with sleeping breaking agent hydrogen cyanamide(H_(2) CN_(2))and water as the control(CK).The budding stage,flowering stage,berry coloring stage and ripening stage of each grape cultivar were recorded,and the uniformity of germination,germination rate,berry setting rate,fruiting cane rate,diameter change of fruiting mother cane,bearing position,internode length,leaf length,leaf width and the growth dynamics of new buds,leaves and fruits were calculated.The development of each grape bud after dormancy breaking treatment was observed by paraffin section.The content of H_(2) O_(2),and the activity of POD and CAT were measured.The photosynthetic pigment of mature leaves was measured by ethanol extraction method.The length and width of grape bunch were measured by tape measure.The weights of grape bunch and berry grain were measured by an analytical balance.The vertical and horizontal diameters of berry grain and the thickness of berry peel were measured by a vernier caliper.The ratio of vertical to horizontal diameter of berry grains was fruit shape index.The hardness of berry was determined by a hardness index measure with a thermometer.The method for measuring soluble solids,total sugar and acid-base titration and vitamin C content was determined by 2,6-dichloroindophenol titration method;the relative content of total phenols and flavonoids was determined by hydrochloric acid methanol method;the relative content of total anthocyanins in pericarp was determined by hydrochloric acid absolute ethanol extraction method.Combined with principal component analysis(PCA)and comprehensive evaluation index,the main influencing factors of monocyandiamide on grape dormancy were screened,and the effects of monocyandiamide on the growth and development of different grape cultivars and their comprehensive berry quality were explored.[Results]The effects of dormancy breaking treatment on the growth of all grape cultivars were similar as a whole,and the germination and berry ripening times were significantly earlier.After dormancy breaking treatment,the internal structure of each grape bud developed rapidly,the growth point gradually increased and elongated,the main axis was differentiated and filled with buds,the number of cells increased,the leaf primordium formed continuously,the inflorescence primordium developed continuously,and the flower meristem morphology was complete;however,after water treatment,the internal growth of bud was slow,the structures developed but did not take shape,and a small amount of leaf primordium and inflorescence could be seen.There was no significant change in the whole primordium.The germination uniformity and germination rate,and the H_(2) O_(2) content and POD activity were significantly higher than those of the control,while the CAT activity was significantly lower.The contents of chlorophyll b,total chlorophyll and carotenoid in mature leaves were significantly higher than those of the control,while the content of chlorophyll a was significantly lower.After breaking dormancy treatment,the appearance quality and internal quality of each grape berries were improved on the basis of maintaining the inherent level,and there was no significant difference in the appearance quality between the treatment and control.For the internal quality of berry,the soluble sugar,soluble protein and starch contents in Zaoxia Meigui grape berries treated by breaking dormancy was significantly higher than those of the control,while the other two kinds of grapes were improved,but there was no significant difference;the contents of soluble solid and vitamin C in Zaoheibao and Shaoxing No.1 grapes significantly increased,but there was no significant difference with Zaoxia Meigui.The relative contents of total phenols,flavonoids and anthocyanins in all grape cultivars increased after dormancy breaking treatment,and there was no significant difference except for the relative contents of total phenols in Shaoxing No.1.PCA was used to analyze the physiological and biochemical indexes of different grape cultivars after breaking dormancy.The three principal components with the highest eigenvalues were extracted,and the cumulative contribution rate reached 94.36%.Combined with comprehensive evaluation index,the order of grape comprehensive quality was as follows:Zaoheibao(H_(2) CN_(2))>Shaoxing No.1(H_(2) CN_(2))>Zaoheibao(CK)>Zaoxia Meigui(H_(2) CN_(2))>Shaoxing No.1(CK)>Zaoxia Meigui(CK).[Conclusion]Germination uniformity,germination rate,H_(2) O_(2) content,POD activity and CAT activity were the main influencing factors for breaking dormancy of grape.The comprehensive quality of Zaoheibao grape berries was better than that of Zaoxia Meigui and Shaoxing No.1 grape after treatment with H_(2) CN_(2).