我国不同种类柑橘养分状况及氮磷钾推荐用量研究

Nutritional status of different citrus trees and the recommended dosages of N,P and K for citrus production in China

【目的】调查不同种类柑橘果实矿质养分含量,结合土壤及树体养分含量状况,对我国主要种类柑橘进行推荐施肥研究。【方法】根据土壤类型、柑橘种类(宽皮柑橘类、甜橙类、柚类、柠檬类和杂柑类)、树龄及产量水平,将我国柑橘主产区湖北、湖南、江西、四川、广东、广西、福建、云南、浙江、陕西、重庆等11省(市、区)的柑橘园划分为1200个采样单元,每个采样单元为3.3~6.7 hm^(2),于2010—2017年在柑橘成熟期(9—12月),采集土壤、叶片及果实样品,调查柑橘产量、施肥量,分析叶片养分含量、土壤速效氮磷钾含量,并依据柑橘产量进行氮磷钾肥施用量及施用比例的推荐。【结果】低产水平果园氮(N)、磷(P_(2)O_(5))、钾(K_(2)O)肥推荐用量:宽皮柑橘类分别为189.75~253.00、76.20~96.13、133.20~159.84 kg/hm^(2),甜橙类分别为176.94~235.92、101.02~123.47、128.03~153.64 kg/hm^(2);柚类分别为134.76~179.68、69.04~84.38、125.21~150.25 kg/hm^(2);柠檬类分别为91.33~121.77、55.43~67.75、79.68~95.62 kg/hm^(2);杂柑类分别为109.42~145.89、70.06~85.63、93.18~111.81 kg/hm^(2)。中产水平果园氮(N)、磷(P_(2)O_(5))、钾(K_(2)O)肥推荐用量:宽皮柑橘类分别为216.86~337.33、83.82~139.70、145.31~245.91 kg/hm^(2);甜橙类分别为202.22~314.56、111.12~185.20、139.67~236.37 kg/hm^(2);柚类分别为154.01~239.57、75.95~126.58、136.59~231.15 kg/hm^(2);柠檬类分别为104.37~162.36、60.98~101.63、86.92~147.10 kg/hm^(2);杂柑类分别为125.05~194.52、77.07~128.45、101.65~172.02 kg/hm^(2)。高产水平果园氮(N)、磷(P_(2)O_(5))、钾(K_(2)O)肥推荐用量:宽皮柑橘类分别为303.60~474.38、118.06~190.50、222.00~330.00 kg/hm^(2);甜橙类分别为283.10~442.35、156.51~252.55、213.39~320.08 kg/hm^(2);柚类分别为215.62~336.90、106.96~172.60、208.68~313.01kg/hm^(2);柠檬类分别为146.12~243.54、85.88~147.82、132.80~212.48 kg/hm^(2);杂柑类分别为175.07~273.54、108.55~175.16、155.29~232.94 kg/hm^(2)。【结论】5类柑橘对氮、磷、钾素需求量不同,其中宽皮柑橘类对氮、钾素需求较其它柑橘种类高,甜橙类对磷素需求量较其它柑橘种类高。5类柑橘对氮、磷、钾需求比例也有所不同,N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O需求比例分别为宽皮柑橘类1∶0.37~0.41∶0.63~0.73,甜橙类1∶0.52~0.59∶0.65~0.75,柚类1∶0.47~0.53∶0.84~0.97,柠檬类1∶0.56~0.63∶0.79~0.91,杂柑类1∶0.59~0.66∶0.77~0.89。

【Objectives】Mineral nutrient contents in citrus fruits,as well as the fertility status of citrus orchard soils were investigated across China,specific fertilizer rates of nitrogen,phosphorous and potassium were proposed for each type of citrus in China.【Methods】The main species of citrus in China included mandarin,sweet orange,pomelo,lemon and hetero-citrus.The citrus production belt was spread across 11 provinces and were divided into 1200 sampling units,based on the soil type and orchard age;each sampling unit was 3.3-6.7 hm^(2).From 2010 to 2017,soil and leaf samples were collected for nutrient content analysis.The fertilizer dosage and fruit yields were investigated at the same time.【Results】The recommended amounts of N,P,and K fertilizers(N,P_(2)O_(5),K_(2)O,kg/hm^(2) respectively)for low-fertility orchards were:mandarin orange 189.75-253.00,76.20-93.13 and 133.20-159.84;sweet orange 176.94-235.92,101.02-123.47 and 128.03-153.64;pomelo134.76-179.68,69.04-84.38,125.21-150.25;lemon 91.33-121.77,55.43-67.75 and 79.68-95.62;hetero-citrus109.42-145.89,70.06-85.63 and 93.18-111.81.The recommended amounts of N,P,and K fertilizers(N,P_(2)O_(5),K_(2)O,kg/hm^(2) respectively)in the medium-fertility orchard were:mandarin orange 216.86-337.33,83.82-139.70 and 145.31-245.91;sweet orange 202.22-314.56,111.12-185.20 and 139.67-236.37;pomelo154.01-239.57,75.95-126.58 and 136.59-231.15;lemon 104.37-162.36,60.98-101.63 and 86.92-147.10;hetero-citrus 125.05-194.52,77.07-128.45 and 101.65-172.02.The recommended dosages of N,P,and K fertilizers(N,P_(2)O_(5),K_(2)O,kg/hm^(2) respectively)for high-fertility orchards were:mandarin orange 303.60-474.38,118.06-190.50 and 222.00-330.00;sweet orange 283.10-442.35,156.51-252.55 and 213.39-320.08;pomelo 215.62-336.90,106.96-172.60 and 208.68-313.01;lemons 146.12-243.54,85.88-147.82 and132.80-212.48;hetero-citrus 175.07-273.54,108.55-175.16 and 155.29-232.94.【Conclusions】Among the 5 citrus species,mandarin orange requires the highest N and K fertilizers and sweet orange requires the highest P fertilizer.The N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O ratio is 1∶0.37-0.41∶0.63-0.73 for mandarin orange,1∶0.52-0.59∶0.65-0.75 for sweet orange,1∶0.47-0.53∶0.84-0.97 for pomelo,1∶0.56-0.63∶0.79-0.91 for lemon,and 1∶0.59-0.66∶0.77-0.89 for hetero-citrus.