抗生素赋存、来源及风险评估研究进展

Advances in research on the occurrence,source and risk assessment of antibiotics

以近10年不同学者对抗生素污染的研究为基础,综述了目前国内外抗生素的使用情况,对水环境的污染情况,主要来源及风险评估方法。结果表明:水环境中存在的抗生素种类主要有喹诺酮类、磺胺类、大环内酯类及四环素类,相较国外,中国河流、湖泊中抗生素的检出种类更多,污染情况更复杂,且内陆与沿海水体中抗生素的主要污染种类存在一定的差异性;水环境中抗生素污染的主要来源为城市污水处理厂出水、医疗废水、畜禽养殖和水产养殖废水;目前针对水体、沉积物中抗生素单一及混合污染已建立起相应的评估指标体系,但在毒理数据、评估方法、影响因素等方面亟待完善。建议加强抗生素的来源控制,改善污水处理厂工艺,完善风险评估体系。

The current use of antibiotics at home and abroad,the pollution in the water environment,the main sources and the risk assessment methods of antibiotics were summarized based on a literature review of the studies on antibiotics by different scholars in the past ten years.The results showed that the types of antibiotics in the water environment mainly included quinolones,sulfonamides,macrolides and tetracyclines.Compared with foreign countries,the types of antibiotics detected in rivers and lakes in China were more abundant,and the pollution situation was more complicated.There were certain differences in the main pollution types of antibiotics in inland and coastal water.The main sources of antibiotics in the water environment were urban sewage plant effluent,medical wastewater,livestock and poultry breeding and aquaculture wastewater.At present,a corresponding evaluation index system had been established for single pollution sources and mixed pollution sources in water bodies and sediments,but the toxicological data,evaluation methods and influencing factors urgently needed to be improved.It was recommended to strengthen the source control of antibiotics,enhance the wastewater treatment plant process and improve the risk assessment system.