治教分离视域下人性善恶问题之勘定

A Study on the Good and Evil of Human Nature from the View of Governance and Education Separation

欧阳修对"三代以上"与"三代以下"的区分为先秦儒学的理解提供了新的可能性。在从"治出于一"到"治教为二"的结构性变化中,君师合一的结构被"德有天下"的圣者与"位有天下"的君主二分结构所替代,圣王的分职关联着治教的分域,正是这种分域导致了"独善其身"的修身可以在政治性的礼法秩序之外成为独立的自我确证方式。治、教二域遵循不同的原则,即"王者尽制"与"圣者尽伦":"尽制"遵循下行性的防御原则,不直接以导人向善为目的,但却必以止恶为首要目标;"尽伦"遵循上行性的引导性原则,借助教化激发人的向善、向上的激情,圣贤生命人格的榜样示范作用就是教化的基本形式。在以上视域中,性善论作为内在而先天的原则,应当被勘定为教统的人性论原则;而性恶论针对的是人性的经验性表现,则当勘定为治统的人性论原则。唯有合孟子、荀子人性之论,基于"治出于二"的格局,方能使性善、性恶之说各得其所。以教统——性善为内,以治统——性恶为外,以内外去"结构"教统与治统,才是内圣外王的根本指向,也是中国思想在"治出于二"之后的基本理念。

Ouyang Xiu's theory concerning“the three dynasties division”provides new possibilities for understanding Pre-Qin Confucianism.In the paradigm change from the undifferentiation of politics and religion to the differentiation between politics and religion,the unitary structure of political leaders themselves as religious leaders is replaced by a dualistic structure.The highest representative of the spiritual realm is the saint,and the most powerful person in the domain of rule is the monarch.It is the division of the spiritual realm from the political realm that leads a person to self-certify his being through self-cultivation.Politics and religion follow different principles:the principle in the political field is to perfect the system,and the system follows the principle of defense,which,however,may not aim at leading people to good,but with the primary goal of defending against evil;the religious field follows the guiding and enlightening principles to stimulate people's passion for good and upward,and the role model of the sage's life personality is the basic form of enlightenment.The theory of good nature should be applied to education,while the theory of evil nature to the field of politics.Mencius's theory of man's good nature should be applied to education,while Xunzi's to the political field.The basis of enlightenment and laying politics on the basis of enlightenment is the fundamental direction of“nei shang wai wang”,a king with a sage nature,and it is also the basic idea after the separation of politics and religion.