国家权力与社会资源:近代国人自办私立大学的历史困境论析

State Power and Social Resources: An Analysis of the Historical Dilemma of Chinese Self-run Private Universities in Modern Times

近代国人自办的私立大学外因经济压迫和政府过分干涉,内因自身在教育理想和研究成绩上未能做出特殊的贡献,国人对其始终是期望高于现实。私立大学之所以无法确立坚实的基础,其症结在于经费上的困难,一方面固然是因为近代中国实业的不发达,私立大学无法从社会汲取到足够的资源;另一方面则与国家权力扩张的大趋势有关,私人法团不能充分伸张其势力。1927年国民党建政之后,在加强对私立大学政治控制的同时因经济上的困难又无力包办,由此造成私立大学一方面无法摆脱经费短缺的窘境,另一方面独立性亦大受侵害,私立大学办理不佳而又长期存在。从结果来看,晚清民初私立大学初创之时国人及创办者自身对于私立大学的理想期许无疑是落空了。

Chinese self-run private universities in modern times have been crippled by the external pressure of economic oppression and excessive government interference,and the internal pressure of failing to contribute to their educational ideals and research achievements. They thus oftentimes fall short of public expectations. The reason why these private universities failed to establish a solid foundation lies in financial difficulties. For one thing,due to the underdevelopment of the modern Chinese industry, private universities cannot draw enough resources from society.For another,with the general trend of the expansion of state power,private corporations cannot fully expand their power. After the establishment of the Kuomintang government in 1927, while strengthening the political control over private universities, the government were unable to bear the economic burden of these universities. Hence these private universities not only failed to get rid of the economic embarrassment but also failed to keep their independence.As a result,the ideal expectation of private universities in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China was undoubtedly frustrated.