从马克思到列宁:经典帝国主义理论的思想史考察

From Marx to Lenin: An Examination of the Intellectual History of Classical Imperialist Theories

进入20世纪以来,众多马克思主义者高度关注帝国主义问题。第一次世界大战暴露并激化了帝国主义固有矛盾,第二国际内部对资本主义和社会主义的认识产生了分裂,使关于帝国主义及其引发的论争日益白热化。最终,以考茨基、鲍威尔为代表的阵营同以列宁、布哈林为代表的阵营在帝国主义认识问题上形成了截然对立。列宁扬弃了之前思想家们对帝国主义的认识,其"帝国主义论"标志着经典马克思主义帝国主义理论的完成。这场论争的余波并未散尽,而经典马克思主义帝国主义理论对资本主义的批判效用依旧显著,在当代产生了全面回响,为世界社会主义运动提供了持续的智力支持和实践导引。

Into the 20 th century, numerous Marxists paid great attention to the issue of imperialism. The First World War exposed and intensified the contradictions inherent in imperialism and a splitin the understanding of capitalism and socialism within the Second International, which led to an increasingly heated debate on imperialism and its consequences. Eventually, the camp represented by Kautsky and Powell and the other led by Lenin and Bukharin became diametrically opposed toeach other on understanding imperialism. Lenin sublated the previous thinkers’ understanding of imperialism, and his"imperialist theory"markedthe completion of classical Marxist imperialist theory. As we enter the 21 st century, the fallout from the debate has not dissipated. The efficacy ofthe classical theory of imperialism as a critique of capitalism is still evident, reverberating throughout the contemporary era and providing continualintellectual support and practical guidance to the world socialist movement.