行政法上听取陈述和申辩程序的制度建构

The Institutional Arrangements of Hearing Statements and Pleadings:From the Viewpoint of Administrative Law

行政法上的听取陈述和申辩程序是保障行政程序当事人权利与提高行政行为正确性的重要制度设计,其制度建构应兼顾权利保障和行政效能,以实现"有原则的灵活性"。听取陈述和申辩程序应适用于除法定情形外的所有不利行政行为,适用于行政行为的行政相对人和利害关系人。听取陈述和申辩的程序要素包括行政主体的事先告知、当事人的陈述和申辩以及行政主体对陈述申辩意见的审查和决定。可在不影响实体决定的情况下于救济程序启动前适用补正程序,违反听取陈述和申辩程序构成独立的起诉事由,应以对陈述和申辩权是否产生实质损害为依据,作出确认违法判决或撤销判决。

The procedure of hearing statements and pleadings in administrative law is an important system design to protect the rights of administrative counterpart and improve the accountability of administrative adjudication.Its institutional arrangements should consider the protection of rights and administrative efficiency,so as to achieve principled flexibility.The procedure of hearing statements and pleadings should be applied to all adverse administrative adjudication except for some specific legal situations,and to the direct relative and interested parties of administrative adjudication.The procedural elements of hearing statements and pleadings include the administrative body’s obligation to inform in advance,the administrative counterpart’s statements and pleadings,and the administrative body’s examination and decision to the statements and pleadings.Without affecting the substantive decision,the remedy procedure can be applied in the procedure of hearing statements and pleadings before the commencement of the relief procedure.The violation of hearing statements and pleadings is an independent cause of administrative litigation.Making a declaratory judgment or a judgment of revocation should be based on whether procedural rights have been damaged.