环境行政处罚司法审查被告败诉考——基于122起环境行政处罚诉讼案件的实证分析

The Study on Defendants′ Losing in Environmental Administrative Penalty Litigation Cases : An Empirical Analysis based on 122 Cases

环境行政处罚引发的行政诉讼案件数量一直占据各类环境行政诉讼案件数量的榜首,在全面依法治国的背景下,特别是《行政诉讼法》2017年修正实施以来,环境行政处罚既面临着更为严格的法治行政的要求和挑战,也必须面对更为严格的司法审查。通过对122起环境行政处罚被告败诉案件的分析,可以发现环境行政处罚违法的主要情形包括主要证据不足、违反法定程序、明显不当以及适用法律、法规错误。从案件所反映的具体议题来看,环境监测数据的审查、责令性环境行政行为的性质界定、超越“法定程序”的正当法律程序原则的适用、检察行政公益诉讼中行政不作为的判断基准等,都值得理论与实务界予以重视和进一步研究。

The number of administrative litigation cases triggered by environmental administrative penalties has always been the top of all types of environmental administrative litigation cases.Under the background of constitution-based governance,especially since the implementation of the updated"Administrative Litigation Law",environmental administrative penalties are facing stricter requirements and challenges of administrative rule of law,and also stricter judicial review.By analyzing 122 environmental administrative penalty litigation cases that defendants lost,we find that the main circumstances of violating environmental administrative penalties include insufficient main evidence,violation of legal procedures,obvious impropriety,and errors in the application of laws and regulations.As for the specific issues reflected in the cases,the review of environmental monitoring data,the definition of the nature of mandatory environmental administrative actions,the application of the principle of due process beyond"legal procedures",the criteria for judging administrative inactions in administrative public interest litigation,etc.,areal worthy of attention and further study in the theoretical and practical field.