有效失败与知识迁移:理论、机制与原则

Productive Failure and the Transfer of Knowledge:Theories,Mechanisms and Design Principles

促进知识迁移不但是K-12阶段STEM教育最重要的教学重难点,也是学习科学的重点研究内容。作为一种创新的教学方法,有效失败(Productive Failure)可以帮助STEM课堂达成知识的近迁移与远迁移,在近10年得到了越来越多的关注。与传统的直接教学(Direct Instruction)方法不同,有效失败主张让学生先解决复杂的新问题,教师再介入指导。本文从底层理论、核心机制、设计原则三个方面对有效失败进行了梳理与总结,并讨论了有效失败如何帮助学生学习知识、促进知识迁移。文章最后讨论了有效失败的启示与使用限制。

Achieving the transfer of knowledge is a critical challenge for K-12 STEM education.The transfer is also a key focus of the research in the learning sciences area.As an innovative instructional approach,there has been increased interest in Productive Failure in the last decade.Different from the traditional Direct Instruction approach,Productive Failure lets students solve complex,novel problems first and then followed with the subsequent guidance,which can promote both near and far transfer.This paper summarized Productive Failure from three aspects:learning theories,mechanisms,and design principles.This paper also discusses how Productive Failure could help students learn knowledge and promote transfer.Finally,the implications and limitations of Productive Failure are discussed.