近百年花盛雅衰原因研究回顾与反思

A Review and Reflection on the Causes for the Flourishing of the Peking Opera and the Decline of the Kunqu Opera in the Last Hundred Years

纵观近百年来花盛雅衰原因的研究,大致可以1949年和1978年为界,将其分为前后相续而又各具特点的三个阶段。其间的研究成果,大体可以归为昆曲自身缺陷说、内外因结合说、花部勃兴外因说等三种观点。要厘清花雅嬗替的真正原因,除了要对花雅戏曲自身的长短详加计较之外,还应从清代礼乐制度、文化政策以及演剧形式、观众喜好等方面入手,对清代前中期的戏曲文化生态与戏曲流变作细致全面的考察。

The research on the causes for the flourishing of the Peking Opera and the decline of the Kunqu Opera can be roughly divided into three consecutive stages with 1949 and 1978 as the dividing line.The research results can be generally classified into three viewpoints:the theory of Kunqu’s own defects,the theory of the combination of internal and external causes,and the theory of the sudden rise of the Peking Opera.In order to clarify the real causes,we should not only examine the merits and demerits of the Peking Opera and Kunqu Opera,but also make a detailed and comprehensive investigation into the cultural ecology and evolution of operas in the early and middle Qing Dynasty from the aspects of the ritual and music system,cultural policy,drama forms and preference of the audiences in the Qing dynasty.