单边生态标签措施的WTO规则合法性分析——以美国-墨西哥金枪鱼案Ⅱ为例

Analysis on the legality of WTO rules on unilateral eco-labeling measures——take the U.S.-Tuna Ⅱ as an example

海豚安全标签措施是美国为保护金枪鱼渔业兼捕海豚而单方面制定的一项无关产品的生产工艺和方法(NPR-PPMs)的技术法规。该措施禁止用有害海豚的方式捕获的金枪鱼在美国生产、进出口、销售时使用"海豚安全"标签,监管区分不同海域和用不同捕捞方法的金枪鱼渔业,不利于墨西哥金枪鱼产品输入美国,引发了两国长达十年的贸易争端。文章结合案件历年裁定报告中关于TBT第2.1条歧视性规定的论述,分析该措施的修改历史和裁定结果,对其是否构成"任意或不合理歧视"做了详尽分析。2018年WTO上诉机构完善了不同金枪鱼渔业造成海豚伤亡的风险评估,利用匹配分析方法和合理联系标准证明了监管区分的公平性,确立了通过"合法监管区分例外标准"判定TBT第2.1条"不低于待遇"要求。最后探讨了单边生态标签措施推动促进渔业资源养护,易引发国际渔业贸易争端,不利于全球渔业资源养护多边合作的渔业影响。

The U.S. dolphin-safe labeling is a kind of a unilaterally technical regulation of non-product related process and production method(NPR-PPMs) aimed to protect bycatch dolphins from tuna fisheries. This measure prohibits tuna products use of the "dolphin-safe" label for the production, import, export and sale in the United States when tuna products that have been fished using harmful to dolphins fishing methods, implement regulatory distinctions for tuna fisheries in different sea areas and different fishing methods, resulting in preventing the import of Mexican tuna into the United States. The dispute was brought to the World Trade Organization(WTO) in 2008 and have not resolved until the end of 2018. By scrutinizing the reports of WTO dispute settle bodies(DSB) in relation to the discriminatory provisions of Article 2.1 of the TBT Agreement, this paper analyzes the history of the amendment to the U.S. dolphin-safe labeling measures and the findings of WTO DSB and examines how a unilateral labeling measure will constitute arbitrary or unreasonable discrimination. The Appellate Body of WTO in 2018 proved the fairness of the regulatory distinction by perfecting the risk assessment and calibration analysis of dolphin casualties caused by different tuna fisheries, and established the exception standard of the legitimate regulatory distinction test to determine the "no less favorable" requirement of Article 2.1, all of which provided test criteria for the legality of unilateral eco-labeling measures in the future. Finally, it discusses the impact of unilateral eco-labeling measures to promote the conservation of fishery resources, which is easy to trigger international fishery trade disputes and is not conducive to the fishery effects of multilateral cooperation in the conservation of global fishery resources.