柏拉图经济正义思想研究

On Plato’s Thought of Economic Justice

“什么是正义”是伦理经济学所要回答的核心问题。柏拉图对“正义”没有明确定义,就什么是“正义的”以及如何实现正义进行独特论述。他以“善”为本体依据,论证正义由善延伸而来,将“正义的”界定为灵魂和谐状态,节制、勇敢、智慧是灵魂的三种品质,由此构建德性正义观,亦成为经济正义及经济秩序的伦理基础。他以“善”的正义为标准,对“欠债还钱”的交换正义观、“强者利益”的分配正义观等观点逐一分析和反驳。经济正义不仅是一种价值观念,更是一种道德实践。他在探讨“正义的”事物过程中,确立依德性禀赋进行社会分工是实现正义的途径,按自然需求实施财产公有、折中分配是实现正义的保障。由此,以德性伦理为基础,将社会分工和财产公有紧密联系在一起,形成理想城邦的经济正义伦理观和秩序观,这整体构成了柏拉图经济正义思想体系。

What is justice"is the core question to be answered by ethical economics.Plato did not have a clear definition of"justice",but made a unique discussion on"what is just"and"how to achieve justice",He used"goodness"as the ontological basis to argue that justice was derived from goodness,and defined"just"as the harmonious state of the soul,temperance,bravery,and wisdom are the three qualities of the soul,thus constructed a moral justice view,became also the ethical foundation of economic justice and economic order.Using this as a standard,he analyzed and refuted the viewpoints of exchange justice and distributive justice one by one.Economic justice was not only a value concept,but also a moral practice.In the process of discussing"just"things,he established that social division of labor based on virtue endowment was the way to achieve justice,and the implementation of public property and compromise distribution according to natural needs were the guarantee for achieving justice.Therefore,on the basis of virtue ethics,the division of labor and the public ownership of property were closely linked to form an ideal city-state’s economic justice ethics and order concept,which as a whole constituted Plato’s economic justice thought system.