Polyphony of domestic dog whines and vocal cues to body size

In domestic dogs Canis familiaris,vocal traits have been investigated for barks and growls,and the relationship between individual body size and vocal traits investigated for growls,with less corre-sponding information for whines.In this study,we examined the frequency and temporal traits of whines of 20 adult companion dogs(9 males,11 females),ranging in body mass from 3.5 to 70.0 kg and belonging to 16 breeds.Dog whines(26-71 per individual,824 in total)were recorded in condi-tioned begging contexts modeled by dog owners.Whines had 3 independent fundamental fre-quencies:the low,the high and the ultra-high that occurred singly as monophonic calls or simul-taneously as 2-voice biphonic or 3 voice polyphonic calls.From the smallest to largest dog,the upper frequency limit varied from 0.24 to 2.13 kHz for the low fundamental frequency,from 2.95 to 10.46 kHz for the high fundamental frequency and from 9.99 to 23.26 kHz for the ultra-high funda-mental frequency.Within individuals,the low fundamental frequency was lower in monophonic than in biphonic whines,whereas the high fundamental frequency did not differ between those whine types.All frequency variables of the low,high,and ultra-high fundamental frequencies cor-related negatively with dog body mass.For duration,no correlation with body mass was found.We discuss potential production mechanisms and sound sources for each fundamental frequency;point to the acoustic similarity between high-frequency dog whines and rodent ultrasonic calls and hypothesize that ultra-high fundamental frequencies function to allow private,"tete-a-tete"com-munication between members of social groups.