生物炭和炭基肥在烟草农业的应用及展望

Application and Prospect of Biochar and Biochar-Based Fertilizer in Tobacco Agriculture

烟草是我国重要的经济作物,烟叶提质增效及绿色清洁生产是烟草农业绿色发展的必然趋势。烟秆炭化还田是实现烟秆资源化利用和环境友好发展的双赢途径。生物炭较大的比表面积、发达的孔隙结构、丰富的官能团、稳定的环状结构以及良好的吸附特性赋予其改良连作障碍烟田土壤、重建健康微生物生境的潜力。炭基肥融合了生物炭与肥料各自的优点,同时具有优于其构成原料的特性,可缓慢释放养分、持久保持肥效,持续改善土壤环境,促进烟草健康生长、烟叶提质增效,在烟草农业应用潜力较大。本文综述了生物炭和炭基肥对植烟土壤理化性质、土壤养分、烟田温室气体排放、土壤微生物及酶活性、烟草生长和烟叶品质、烟草土传病害的影响,分析了生物炭和炭基肥应用中存在的问题,并提出未来应重点关注的问题:(1)生物炭及炭基肥调控植烟土壤质量及烟草生长和品质的机制机理;(2)生物炭及炭基肥施用的生态环境风险评价;(3)生物炭及炭基肥生产技术工艺创新。研究结果可为生物炭和炭基肥在烟草农业的合理应用提供科学依据。

Tobacco is an important economic crop in our country. Improving the quality and value of tobacco leaf and implementing green and clean production of tobacco are the inevitable trend of green development of tobacco agriculture. It is a win-win approach to realize the resource utilization and environmental friendly development from tobacco stalk carbonization and returning to the field. Biochar has a large specific surface area, developed pore structure, abundant functional groups, stable ring structure and good adsorption properties, which give it great potential to improve continuous cropping obstacle tobacco soil and rebuild healthy microbial habitat. Biochar-based fertilizer combines the advantages of biochar and fertilizer, and has the peculiarities over its raw material. It can slowly release nutrients, maintain fertilizer efficiency for a long time, continuously improve soil environment, promote the healthy growth of tobacco, improve the quality and value of tobacco leaf, and has great potential in tobacco agriculture. This paper reviewed the effects of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer application on tobacco-planting soil physical and chemical properties, soil nutrient, greenhouse gas emissions, soil microorganism and enzyme activity, flue-cured tobacco growth and quality of tobacco leaves, tobacco soil-borne disease. The problems existing in the utilization of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer in tobaocco agriculture were analyzed objectively and then put forward the future research direction:(1) The mechanism of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer regulating the quality of tobacco-planting soil and the growth and quality of tobacco.(2) Ecological and environmental risk assessment of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer application in tobacco-planting soil.(3) Innovation in production technology and process of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer. The results can provide scientific basis for the rational application of biochar and biochar-based fertilizer in tobacco agriculture.