经营者场所安全保障义务的理论重塑——兼论《民法典》第1198条的商法教义学解释

Theoretical Reshaping of Operators’ Obligation to Ensure the Safety of Business Premises

基于商法视角重塑经营者场所安保义务理论,一方面在民商合一背景下能够超脱传统民法理论的束缚,回归商法的本源,另一方面能够促成其自身理论体系的丰富发展。经营者场所安保义务凸显了营业特有的商事价值、义务与责任体系,商事理念的楔入有助于明确其义务来源、义务标准与责任范围。站在商法的立场,经营者场所安保义务的内部正当性源于商事主体的营利属性与专业性、职业性,外部必要性来自商事活动的高风险性与商业社会的效益价值本位,企业社会责任则扩张其责任范围。据此,经营者场所安保义务的范围应基于商业社会的特性予以综合认定,义务的标准应区分不同的营业场景,并借此建构起合理的责任范围。

From the perspective of commercial law, reshaping the theory of operators’ obligation to ensure the safety of business premises, on the one hand, can surpass the shackles of traditional civil law theories and return to the origin of commercial law under the background of the integration of civil law and commercial law. On the other hand, it can promote development of its own theoretical system. Operators’ obligation to ensure the safety of business premises highlights the unique commercial law value, and the wedging of commercial concepts helps to clarify the source,standard of operators’ obligations and the scope of responsibility. From the standpoint of commercial law, the internal legitimacy of operators’ obligation to ensure the safety of business premises stems from the profitability and professionalism of businessman, and the external necessity comes from the high risk of commercial activities and the value-based value of commercial society. The corporate social responsibility expands its scope of responsibility.Accordingly,the scope of the operators’ obligation to ensure the safety of business premises should be comprehensively determined based on the characteristics of the commercial society,and the standard of the obligation should distinguish between different business scenarios and thereby construct a reasonable scope of responsibility.