越权交易效力规则的公司法体系性表达

The Systematic Expression of the Company Law on the Effective Rules of Unauthorized Transaction

《民法典》第61条、第170条、第172条关于公司越权交易效力的规定尚存在效力状态设计不科学、善意判断标准的缺失、公司章程登记特殊效力规则的缺失、表见代理与表见代表区分偏离社会实践、无视法律强制性规定等诸多不足,应借助公司法再次修订的机会通过特别法予以补正。应坚持法律解释适用的体系观并回归利益衡量的路径,聚焦越权交易效力判断中相对人利益与诚信维护社会公共利益之间冲突的实质关系,关照公司法诚信的原理,通过引入相对人善意判断中是否知道行为人背离诚信的标准来破解公司越权交易效力规则在适用中的各种难题,在公司法中体系性地供给公司越权交易中的效果规则、相对人善意判断的诚信标准规则、公司章程或者公司机关限制效力规则以及公司登记效力规则,以确保制度本身与社会实践的高契合度并提升规则的可操作性。

The rules of Article 61, Article 170, and Article 172 of the Civil Code on the effectiveness of the company’s unauthorized transactions are still in short of the following aspects, including the unscientific design of the effectiveness status, the lack of judgment standards of bona fide, the lack of special effectiveness rules for the registration of the company’s articles of association, the distinction between the apparent agency and the apparent representation deviating from social practice, and ignoring the mandatory rules of the law, etc.. It is time to take advantage of the opportunity of amending the company law to make corrections through special laws.It is necessary to adhere to the systematic perspective applicable to legal interpretation and return to the path of interest measurement, focus on the substantial relationship between the interests of the counterparty and the integrity of the social public interest in the judgment of the effectiveness of unauthorized transactions, and follow closely the principle of good faith in the company law. By introducing in the bona fide judgment of the counterparty whether he or she knows that the behavior has deviated from the standard of good faith, we can solve various problems in the application of the effectiveness rules of company’s unauthorized transaction, and systematically provide the effectiveness rules of company’s unauthorized transaction, the good faith standard rules of counterpart’s bona fide judgment, the restrictions on the effectiveness rules of the company’s articles of association or the company’s agency and the effectiveness rules of the company’s registration, so as to ensure a high degree of compatibility between the system and social practice and to promote the operability of the rules.