马克思劳动哲学视域下的道德起源论

Analysis on Marx's Theory of Moral Origin from Labor Philosophy Perspective

马克思从物质生产劳动实践出发,通过对人类早期社会和古代社会劳动发展史的分析,揭示了物质生产劳动实践发展、物质生产劳动分工、剩余劳动产品产生、物质财富私有观念出现以及物质生产资料私有制形成在社会道德现象产生过程中的作用,第一次科学地阐明了道德起源的社会原因,在道德起源论上超越了以往哲学家对道德起源的认识。马克思并没有专门从伦理学学术的视角阐发道德起源问题,这导致我国伦理学研究中关于马克思道德起源问题的认识存在分歧,争论各方都阐发了马克思关于物质生产劳动和社会分工在道德起源中作用的思想,但忽略了马克思关于物质生产劳动实践发展带来的剩余劳动产品的产生、私有观念的出现、脑力劳动和体力劳动分工以及私有制的形成在道德起源中的根本作用等思想,忽视了马克思对道德起源根本社会原因的揭示。而实际上,私有观念为道德起源准备了精神基础,私有财产为道德起源提供了物质基础,私有制为道德起源提供了制度基础,脑力劳动和体力劳动分工为道德起源提供了职业的伦理学家和道德建设者。

Starting from the practice of material production labor,through the analysis of the development of human early society and ancient social labor,Marx revealed the role of the development of material production labor practice,the division of labor in material production,the production of surplus labor products,the emergence of private concept of material wealth and the formation of private ownership of material means of production in the process of social moral phenomenon.For the first time,Marx scientifically clarified the social reason of the origin of morality and surpassed all the previous philosophers in the understanding of the origin of morality.But he didn't interpret it specifically,which resulted in the debate on the origin of morality in the academic circles of China.All parties have expounded the role of Marx's material production labor and social division of labor in the origin of morality,but at the same time,they all ignore the production of surplus labor products,the emergence of private concept brought about,the division of labor between mental labor and physical labor and the fundamental role of private ownership in the origin of morality.They all ignore Marx's revelation of the fundamental social causes of moral origin.In fact,the concept of private ownership provides spiritual basis for moral origin;private property provides material basis for moral origin,private ownership provides institutional basis for moral origin;and mental labor and physical labor division provide professional ethicists and moral builders.