试论古汉字象物写词法

On the Xiangwu Word-formation of Ancient Chinese Characters

象物写词法是最早与语言结合的写词法,是诸多写词法的构字基础,应用面相当广泛。本文在多年研究的基础上,全面而系统地揭示了象物写词法的五种构字形态,分别概述了他们各自的形态特征,并列举了相应的典型例字,而且对于所属的例字作了扼要的解析,这在学术界尚属首次。为了全面记录语言,不仅要记录指物名词,还要记录动词、形容词等其它词类,这些词类起初尚无自己的书写形式,于是求助象物字,将象物字作为构字字符,组合成书写这类词的新的书写形式。此外,尚有表示语法范畴的虚词,它们只有语法意义,不能用象形法构字,便借用同音的象物字,舍其意义,取其声音,记录部分代词、副词或助词等,使文字全面记录语言成为可能。在象物字中,尚有与古代典章制度相关的字体,真实地反映了古代社会的方方面面,是传递古代文化的"活化石",具有珍贵的文物价值。

Xiangwu word-formation is the earliest word writing method,which is the basis of many word formation methods and has a wide range of applications.Based on the previous study,this article comprehensively and systematically reveals the five forms of Xiangwu word formation,outlines their respective morphological characteristics,and lists the corresponding typical examples,and makes a description of the corresponding examples.In order to fully record the language,it is necessary to record not only the object nouns,but also other parts of speech such as verbs and adjectives.These parts of speech did not have their own writing form at the beginning,then turn to using the image of the word as the character to form the writing thus form a new writing form of similar words.In addition,there are function words that express grammatical categories.They have only grammatical meaning and cannot be constructed by pictographic methods.Instead,they use homophonic image-object characters to abandon their meanings and choose their sounds,and record some pronouns,adverbs or auxiliary words to make the text comprehensive,which make it become possible to record the language.Among the characters of Xiangwu,there are some Chinese character related to the ancient Chinese institutions,which truly reflect all aspects of ancient society.They are the"living fossils"that convey ancient culture and have precious cultural relic value.