什叶派乌里玛与1905—1911年伊朗立宪革命

Shi’ite Ulama and Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1905—1911

1905—1911年伊朗立宪革命是什叶派乌里玛在1979年伊斯兰革命之前深度参与的一场政治革命。20世纪初,在伊朗内外危机的作用下,什叶派乌里玛、巴扎商人和现代知识分子结成盟友,为立宪革命的爆发创造了必要条件。伊拉克什叶派圣城纳杰夫的三位大阿亚图拉积极支持立宪革命,强力干预了伊朗政治发展的进程。以努里为代表的乌里玛则经历了从起初勉强支持到随后坚决反对的转变,成为反立宪派的中坚力量。1911年俄国入侵伊朗后立宪革命的失败,促使乌里玛把关注的重心转向了更加紧迫的反侵略任务。立宪革命是1979年伊斯兰革命的预演,蕴含着伊朗政教关系剧烈变动的基本趋势,对于解析20世纪以来伊朗的政治史和宗教史都具有不可替代的价值。

The Constitutional Revolution of Iran from 1905 to 1911 was a political revolution in which the Shi’ite Ulama deeply participated before the Islamic revolution in 1979.At the beginning of the 20th century,under the influence of internal and external crises in Iran,the Shi’ite Ulama,bazaar businessmen and modern intellectuals formed allies,creating the necessary conditions for the outbreak of Constitutional Revolution.The three great ayatollahs of the Shiite holy city of Najaf in Iraq actively supported the Constitutional Revolution and strongly intervened in the process of Iran’s political development.Ulama,represented by Nuri,experienced a transformation from reluctant support at first to firm opposition later,becoming the backbone of the anti-constitutionalists.The failure of the constitutional revolution after Russia’s invasion of Iran in 1911 prompted Ulama to turn his attention to the more urgent task of anti-aggression.The Constitutional Revolution is the rehearsal of the Islamic revolution in 1979,which contains the basic trend of dramatic changes in Iran’s political and religious relations.It has irreplaceable value in analyzing the political and religious history of Iran since the 20th century.