汉语“舅母”义词的历时演变与共时分布——兼论“父母女性同胞及父母男性同胞之配偶”称谓的构词和语义类型

Diachronic Evolution and Synchronic Distribution of the Chinese Words with the Meaning“Aunt(Wife of Mother’s Brother)”——On the Word Formation and Semantic Types of the Appellation of Parents’Female Siblings and the Spouse of Parents’Male Siblings

表“舅母”义词,中古汉语时期唯有“舅母”,近代汉语时期有较大发展。唐代新增“舅妻”,宋代新增“妗”“妗子”“妗氏”“妗妗”,元代新增“舅妇”,明代新增“舅婆”“妗母”“母妗”,清代新增“舅娘”“妗娘”“舅妈”。汉语史上表“舅母”义词从“舅母”一枝独秀,到“妗子”“舅娘”在南北与之分庭抗礼。普通话中口语性较强的“舅妈”产生时间并不长。将“舅母”称谓与“伯母”“叔母”“姑母”“姨母”等称谓统起来看,它们在构词和演变趋势上存在较强的一致性。世界语言在这些概念的切分上存在较大差异。

In the middle ancient Chinese period,there is only“Jiumu(舅母)”meaning“aunt”.However,there is a great development in pre-modern Chinese.In the Tang Dynasty,“Jiuqi(舅妻)”is added.In the Song Dynasty,“Jin(妗)”“Jinzi(妗子)”“Jinshi(妗氏)”“Jinjin(妗妗)”are added.In the Yuan Dynasty,“Jiufu(舅妇)”is added.In the Ming Dynasty,“Jiupo(舅婆)”“Jinmu(妗母)”“Mujin(母妗)”are added.In the Qing Dynasty,“Jiuniang(舅娘)”“Jinniang(妗婆)”“Jiuma(舅妈)”are added.In the history of Chinese,words meant“aunt”have changed from“Jiumu(舅母)”to“Jinzi(妗子)”“Jiuniang(舅娘)”,and fought against it in the north and the south.“Jiuma(舅妈)”with strong colloquialism in Mandarin Chinese hasn't been long.Looking at the appellation“Jiumu(舅母)”“Bomu(伯母)”“Shumu(叔母)”“Gumu(姑母)”“Yimu(姨母)”as a whole,they have strong consistency in word formation and evolution trend.There are great differences in the segmentation of these concepts in world languages.