类似物管制的立法诉求和司法功能:美国《管制类似物执法法案》的评价与反思

The Legislative Appeal and Judicial Function of the Control of Analogues:Evaluation and Reflections on the U.S.“Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act”

具备毒品自然属性但欠缺法律属性的物质,法律难以介入并给予惩戒,这一矛盾是当前渐成趋势的类似物得以产生的基本条件。法律管制的滞后性与类似物化学结构的多变性以及人为介入物质结构的可策划性,使得以列举为特征的禁毒法律难以合理应对。各法域已经着手修订既有的毒品管制制度,在新设的管制手段中,美国于1986年制定的《管制类似物执法法案》颇具新意。该法案改变了以往立法管制滞后的固有缺陷,以类似物的司法裁量作为评价其法律属性的标准,并赋予了追溯管制的效力,但也正因为这一颠覆性的变革,使得该法案在适用过程中出现了诸多问题。面对类似物的泛滥,我国目前的禁毒法律体系已有相应且成熟的应对方案,无须在具体方案上引入与借鉴该法案。对于对策性的立法手段,也应当审慎加以考量,不应过分追求立法诉求,而忽略了在司法过程中的可行性。

The substances with only natural attributes are difficult to control by law,which contributes to the emergence of analogues.Due to lagging legal control,the variability of chemical structure of analogues and the artificially-changed material structure,it is difficult for anti-drug laws to deal with this predicament.There are some systemic modifications and even new means of drug control.Among them,Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act enacted by the United States in 1986 is an innovation.It has changed the inherent defects of lagged legislative control,taken judicial discretion of analogues as the standard of evaluating its legal attribute and generated the effect of retrospective control.However,the dramatic changes bring challenges to the application of analogues control.In view of China’s sound anti-drug system,legislative measures should be prudently considered,and excessive emphasis on an appeal to legislation may cause feasibility in the judicial process to be ignored.