高温胁迫对玉米关键生育期生理特性和产量的影响研究进展

Research Progress on the Effect of Heat Stress on Physiological Characteristics of Maize at Key Growth Stage and the Yield

以气候变暖及极端气候为主要特征的全球气候变化,会对农业生产产生重大影响,甚至威胁全球粮食安全。随着技术进步和社会对粮食需求的改变,玉米已成为中国第一大粮食作物。高温胁迫对玉米生理生化特征及生长发育产生不利影响,导致玉米产量和品质降低。本文对高温胁迫对与产量相关的玉米器官的生理生化影响和不同生育期高温胁迫对玉米生长及产量的影响进行综述。高温胁迫对玉米细胞膜及抗氧化系统、叶片光合作用及相关酶活性、雄穗分支分化及花粉活力、雌穗吐丝及花丝活力、子粒内淀粉合成相关酶活性均有负面影响;不同生育期高温胁迫对产量及产量构成有不同程度影响,玉米生育期对高温胁迫的敏感程度由高到低分别为开花期>灌浆期>穗期>苗期。同一生育期高温胁迫在不同玉米品种间亦有较大差异。

Global climate change,mainly characterized by climate warming and extreme climate,has a signifi⁃cant effect on agricultural production and directly threaten to global food security.With the development of technolo⁃gy and the change of social demand for food,maize has become the first food crop in China.Adverse effects of heat stress have on physiological and biochemical characteristics of maize and its growth and development,which lead to the reduction of maize yield and quality.In this paper,physiological and biochemical effects of heat stress on yield-related organs of maize,and effects of heat stress on maize growth and yield at different growth stages were summarized.Heat stress had negative effects on cell membrane and antioxidant system of maize,leaf photosynthesis and related enzyme activity,tassel branching and pollen activity,spikelet spinning and filament activity,and starch synthesis related enzyme activity in grains;heat stress at different growth stages has different effects on yield and its components,and the sensitivity of maize to heat stress during the growth period was from high to low as follows:flow⁃ering stage>grain filling stage>earing stage>seedling stage.Heat stress in the same growth period was also differ⁃ent among different maize varieties.