羊肚菌属物种分类、系统进化和药用价值研究进展

Research progress on classification, phylogeny and medicinal value of Morchella species

羊肚菌属Morchella是隶属于子囊菌亚门(Ascomycotina)的一类大型真菌。作为珍贵的药食两用真菌,羊肚菌属物种含有多糖、酶、脂肪酸以及氨基酸等多种有效成分;具有抗氧化、抗菌和抗肿瘤等多种功效和价值。羊肚菌属物种一般分布在北半球温带和寒温带地区,中国是该属的现代地理分布中心和多样化中心。然而,近年来全球气候变化造成羊肚菌属栖息地大量丧失和破碎化,加上人类大量采挖导致羊肚菌属野生资源急剧减少。此外,自然条件下野生和人工栽培的羊肚菌属物种分类混乱不清,对该类群资源的合理利用和开发造成极大障碍。从羊肚菌属的物种分类、系统发育和进化关系以及药用价值等方面进行综述,以期为羊肚菌属物种资源的保护和合理开发利用提供科学参考。

Morchellais a large class of fungi belonging to the subfamily Ascomycotina. As a kind of precious medicinal and edible fungus, it contains many biologically active ingredients, such as polysaccharides, enzymes, fatty acid, amino acid and so on. In the meanwhile, they have various functions and nutritional values, such as antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-tumor, etc. Morchella spp. are generally distributed in cool or cold temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. China is the modern geographic distribution center and divergence center of the Morchella species. However, in recent years, the global climate change has caused a large loss and fragmentation of the habitat of Morchella species, coupled with the large amount of human excavation, the wild resources of Morchella fungi have decreased sharply, and the yield and quality have been severely reduced. In addition, the classification of wild and artificially cultivated Morchella species is unclear under natural conditions, which causes great obstacles to the rational use and development of this group of resources. The species classification, phylogeny and evolution, and medicinal value of Morchella species are reviewed in this paper, which will provide scientific and theoretical basis for the conservation and rational development and utilization of Morchella resources.