民法中“例外规定不得类推适用”之反思与重构

Rethinking and Reconstruction of “Exceptional Provisions Should Not Be Applied by Analogy” in Civil Law

原则例外关系是民法体系性的重要体现。传统方法论上"例外规定不得类推适用"命题的正当化理由并不充分。在当然推论、非延伸型类推适用和回复型多层次的例外等情形中,例外规定的类推适用并不会侵蚀原则规定。原则例外关系呈现动态发展的特征,例外规定往往代表了法律发展的方向。在《民法典》的适用过程中,不应一味恪守这一命题,而应进一步细化。路径一为类型化区割,通过分析原则规定与例外规定的逻辑关系、例外规定的品性、待类推事实与例外规定的相似性,判定该规定是否可以类推适用。路径二为实质评价,具体衡量类推适用例外规定与拒绝类推之法律后果,看何者更具有实质的妥当性。拒绝类推产生适用原则规定的法律后果与产生适用一般消极原则的后果,在论证负担上有所区别。路径一侧重法的发现角度,路径二侧重法的证立角度,两者共同服务于《民法典》准确适用,呈现相辅相成的关系。

The principle-exception relationship is an important manifestation of the civil lawsystem.In the traditional methodology,the proposition of"exceptional provisions should not be applied byanalogy"is not justified enough.In the multi-level exceptions of natural inference,non-extended analogy applicationand restitution type,the analogy application of exceptional provisions does not erode the principle provisions.The principle-exception relationship shows the characteristics of dynamic development,and exceptional provisions often represent the direction of legal development.In the process of applying the Civil Code,this proposition should not be adhered to unconditionally,and should be further refined.The first path is categorized division.By analyzing the logical relationship between the principles and the exceptions,the nature of the exceptions,and the similarity between the analogized facts and the exceptions,we will determine whether these provisions will be applied by analogy.The second path is the substantive evaluation,which specifically measures the legal consequences of exception application by analogy and the rejection of the very analogy,then we will see which is more substantively appropriate.There is a difference in the burden of argument between the legal consequences of the application of the principle of refusal to analogize and the consequences of the application of the general negative principle.The first path focuses on the discovery angle of law,and the second path focuses on the justification angle of law.The two paths together serve the accurate application of the Civil Code,showing a complementary relationship.