论王阳明心学思想中的“贵族性”——以“诚”与“圣贤”为中心

On “Nobility” of Wang Yangming’s Mind Study——A case study of “integrity” and “saint”

王阳明心学思想的"贵族性"具有双重属性。相比程朱理学重"格致"说而言,阳明心学重"诚意"说,因而可以视"诚"为其思想的内在贵族性。而"诚"多维度的展开构成了阳明心学主体价值、精神境界的"贵族性"主线,是"诚"之内在道德的超越。在政治思想领域,阳明在继承先秦儒家礼乐等级制度的基础上,将"圣贤"之贵族性拓展于外王事功,以"才力"的标准对"圣人"进行了区分,这实际上是以儒家礼乐等级制作为评判圭臬。可见,王阳明心学思想的"贵族性"内在属性是以"体诚"为道德实践来通往人之内在的精神品格,以及塑造个性人格;而外在属性是以等级"礼制"为中心,设计出区别于一般德治的"尚贤"理念,并依此理念将"圣贤之治"实践于社会,从而使得阳明政治思想中的"贵族性"在"贤能政治"中有所展现。阳明心学思想的"贵族性"的双重性,是切入阳明学研究的一个独特的视角。

There are two sides in the nobility of Wang Yangming’s Mind Study thought.Rather than focusing on the theory of"studying things to gain knowledge"proposed by Cheng-Zhu’s philosophy,Wang Yangming’s Mind Study emphasizes"integrity",which,therefore,can be regarded as the inner nobility of his thought.The multi-dimensional development of"integrity"constitutes the major part of Mind Study’s"nobility"in terms of subject value and spiritual realm,which goes beyond the internal morality of"integrity".In the field of political thought,Wang Yangming,based on pre-Qin Confucian hierarchical system,extends the nobility of"saint"to"waiwang shigong"(to implement king’s rule with achievement),rating"saints"with the standard of"talents and ability",which,in fact,is the standard of Confucian hierarchical system.It can be seen that with the inner nature of the"nobility"of Mind Study thought,Wang Yangming proposes"integrity"as a moral practice to reach people’s inner spiritual character and shape their personality;while through its hierarchy-centered external nature,he puts forward the concept of"advocating saints"—different from the general idea of"rule by virtue"—and accordingly,he has practiced this"rule by saints"in his social governance,so as to make the nobility of his political thought in line with meritocracy.The duality of"nobility"of Wang Yangming’s Mind Study provides a unique perspective to study Wang Yangming’s thought.