“士大夫怨”与古代国家治理探微

"Resentment from Scholar-officials"and Ancient State Governance

宋人罗大经《鹤林玉露》以朱熹等贤臣被贬为引,首次提出“士大夫怨”的概念。考查史学、文学典籍可知“士大夫怨”多指涉古代君臣之间的关系及其给国家治理的影响。造成“士大夫怨”有君王和士大夫两层面的原因,会导致君臣关系疏远、士大夫隐匿不出仕等危害,使士大夫被迫选择“有圣君则来,无德则去”的人生态度,即《论语》所谓“用之则行,舍之则藏”。屈原作《离骚》通过诗来表达怨,朱熹主动积极化有怨为无怨,当为“士大夫怨”的模范。解决“士大夫怨”之要在“合其君臣之亲”,应落脚于“熟察民心”,通过君与臣上下和亲的“明君臣之义”双向积极互动,达到“上下无怨”的国治之至。这种“君臣相忘于治”的政适状态和“淑女以配君子”的《关雎》追求是“忧在进贤”之义理想的统一,对现代国家治理科学体系的建立和廉政建设多有借鉴。

Luo Dajing"Helin Yulu"by Luo Dajing from the Song Dynasty was cited by Zhu Xi and other virtuous officials,who first proposed the concept of"literati and official grievance".Examining historical and literary classics,we can see that"literati and bureaucrat grievances"mostly refer to the relationship between ancient monarchs and ministers and their influence on national governance.There are two reasons for the"literati-bureaucrat grievance"between the king and the scholar-bureaucrat.It will lead to the alienation of the monarch and the ministers and the invisibility of the scholar-bureaucrats from official positions.The scholar-bureaucrats are forced to choose a life attitude of"If there is a sage,then you will come,if you have no virtue"The Analects of Confucius"so-called"use it to act,but to give it away,then hide."Qu's original work"Li Sao"expresses grievances through poems,and Zhu Xi takes the initiative to turn grievances into no grievances,as a model of"literati and official grievances".The key to solving"literati and officialdom grievances"is to"combine the relationship between the monarch and his subjects".It should be based on"being familiar with the hearts of the people".Zhizhizhi.This state of political fitness of"the ruler and the ministers forget about governance"and the pursuit of"Guanju"of"Ladies match the gentleman"are the unity of the ideals of"worrying for the virtuous",which contributes to the establishment of a modern scientific system of national governance and the construction of a clean government.There are many references.