清代府学学额的分拨

The allocation of the quota of prefecture schools in the Qing dynasty

清代学额资源的分配本质上是一种县级单位的政治文化资源分配。府学学额的分拨,虽定例为在所属州县“凭文取进”,但在实际运作中,凭文取进后的学额数量具有一定的惯性,会逐渐形成定额分拨机制,从而减少州县之间的学额纷争,如福建兴化府学、泉州府学,直隶州“公额”产生与分配即是典型代表;同时由于清代疆域辽阔,各地经济、人文发展不一,府学学额在一些边远地区也有定额分拨的倾向,如云南、奉天。故,清代府学学额在实际的分拨中呈现定额分拨的特点。当然,在特定情况下,如,所属州县文风变化、为府学提供的经费多少,府学学额的具体分拨也可能会稍有变动,具有一定的弹性操作空间。

The quota of prefecture schools was a kind of political and cultural resources allocation in county-level units in the Qing dynasty.The Qing government stipulated that the allocation of the quota of government schools should be based on the examination scores of the counties,however,in order to reduce the disputes between different counties,the number of quotas based on the examination results had a certain inertia,which would gradually become a fixed allocation of quota.The quota allocations from Xinghua prefecture school and Quanzhou prefecture school in Fujian Province and the generation and distribution of public quota in Zhili Prefectures were typical examples.At the same time,due to the vast territory and the different economic and cultural development in different places,some remote areas such as Yunnan and Fengtian also had the tendency of quota allocation in their prefecture schools.Therefore,in the actual allocation,the number of places in prefecture schools in the Qing dynasty featured quota allocations.Under certain circumstances,however,the change of culture and the amount of funds provided for prefecture schools may also affect the quota allocation of prefecture schools slightly,which means there was some leeway.