全面优化刑事附带民事公益诉讼制度的立法研究

On the Comprehensive Optimization of the Legislation of Criminal Incidental Civil Public Interest

现行的刑事附带民事公益诉讼法律制度是国家公益保护法治体系中亟待改革的领域,也是刑民交叉公益诉讼案件的热点问题。它存在公益保护的范围显著窄于刑法的法益、起诉主体的组成与顺位的顶层设计明显的失当、管辖机制有待完善、惩罚性赔偿与罚金竞合适用不明,以及以司法解释替代修改《刑事诉讼法》等问题。根据《中共中央法治中国建设规划(2020-2025年)》“拓展公益诉讼案件范围,完善公益诉讼法律制度”等重要部署,从立法层面将刑事附带民事公益诉讼的保护范围由《刑事诉讼法》规定的“国家财产、集体财产”扩大至“国家利益”“集体利益”,并增加“社会公共利益”,使之与刑法中的公共利益相对应;扩大起诉主体的范围并且优化各主体的起诉顺位,构建刑事附带民事公益诉讼的惩罚性赔偿制度,依法有序地推进国家公益保护治理体系和治理能力的现代化。

The current legal system of criminal incidental civil public interest litigation is not only an urgent field of reform in the national public interest protection rule of law system,but also a hot issue in the field of criminal and civil cross public interest litigation.It not only has the scope of public interest protection that is significantly narrower than the legal benefits of criminal law,but the composition of the prosecution subject and the top-level design of the order are also obviously inappropriate and juris diction mechanism needs to be improved.There are also issues such as substituting judicial interpretation for the amendment of the Criminal Procedure Law.According to the provision of“expanding the scope of public interest litigation cases and improving the legal system of public interest litigation”and other important arrangements“in CPC Central Committee's Legal Construction Plan for China(2020-2025)”,the scope of protection of criminal and civil public interest litigation needs to be changed from the criminal procedure law“state property and collective property”in Article 101 to“national interest”and“collective interest”,and“social public interest”should be added to make it correspond to the public interest in the criminal law.It is necessary to expand the scope of the subject of prosecution and optimize the prosecution order of each subject,build a punitive damages system for criminal incidental civil public interest litigation,and promote the modernization of the national public welfare protection governance system and governance capacity in an orderly manner in accordance with the law.