战时中国的屈原纪念与文学镜像(1931—1949)

Qu Yuan Memorial in Wartime China and Literary Mirror Image(1931-1949)

作为民族文化传统的英雄形象,屈原在抗日战争和解放战争语境下,受到广大知识分子的热烈纪念。1930年代日寇入侵后愈发严峻的国家受难处境,促使人们重新识别、唤醒和激活了屈原在民族国家层面上的伟岸角色,并开启了新一轮的屈原纪念热潮。随着“诗人节”的设立,1940年代的屈原纪念被纳入比较统一的轨道,此时的屈原纪念进一步上升为宣扬爱国诗人的屈原形象,为民族抗战提供强劲的精神策励。其中,通过屈原纪念,抗日战争时期的作家文人们还对关怀社会的创作视野和刚强不屈、富有战斗力的艺术风格予以重点张扬。抗日战争结束后,爱国诗人的屈原形象逐渐隐退,人民诗人的屈原形象则取而代之。相应的,从形式和内容两个维度来询唤“人民诗人”和“人民诗歌”,便成为解放战争时期屈原纪念在文学层面上的反映。萃取人民诗人的屈原形象,最终被征用来为“人民革命”提供了道义性的支持力量。前后迥异的屈原纪念策略和屈原形象是“新环境”与“新目的”联手调整“旧用途”的一个范例,是战争语境下文学发展诉求的镜像式呈现,更是各种现实力量对特定传统资源进行召唤、形塑与征用的纪念策略的表征。

As a heroic image of national cultural tradition,Qu Yuan was warmly commemorated by intellectuals in the context of the War of Resistance against Japan and the War of Liberation.After the Japanese invasion in the 1930s,the country’s suffering situation became more and more serious,which prompted people to re-identify,awaken and activate Qu Yuan’s great role in the nation-state level,and opened a new round of Qu Yuan memorial boom.With the establishment of Poet’s Day,the commemoration of Qu Yuan in the 1940s further rose to promote the image of patriotic poet Qu Yuan,to provide a strong spiritual encouragement for the national Anti-Japanese War.Among them,through the commemoration of Qu Yuan,the writers and literati during the Anti-Japanese War also highlighted the creative vision of caring for society and the artistic style of unyielding fighting power.After the end of the Anti-Japanese War,the image of Qu Yuan,a patriotic poet,gradually retreated and was replaced by the image of Qu Yuan,a people’s poet.Correspondingly,from the two dimensions of form and content to inquire about people’s poets and people’s poetry,it becomes the reflection of Qu Yuan’s commemoration in the literary level during the War of Liberation.The image of Qu Yuan,a poet of the people,was eventually requisitioned to provide moral support for the people’s revolution.The different memorial strategies and images of Qu Yuan are an example of“new environment”and“new purpose”as a result of joint use in the past,a mirror presentation of literary development demands in the context of war,and a representation of the memorial strategies of various realistic forces calling,shaping and requisitioning specific traditional resources.