公共数据开放中的利益冲突及其协调——基于罗尔斯正义论的权利配置

Conflicts of Interest and Coordination in Public Data Access-Right Allocation Based on Rawls’s Theory of Justice

公共数据开放中存在诸多利益冲突,有其外因和内因。数据有巨大的使用价值,数据创造财富、实现增值,此为数据开放中利益冲突的外因。数据上有诸多利益相关者是冲突产生的内因:产生个人数据的自然人、使用数据的数据控制人、监管数据开放的数据监管人之间因为彼此利益诉求碰撞激发冲突。以罗尔斯正义论作为理论指引,是基于该理论的科学性以及对利益协调的逻辑适恰。罗尔斯正义论“禁止剥夺他人利益、社会服务、人格尊严与自由”三大内涵以及“平等自由、公平与差异”两大原则是本文试图从私法上缓和公共数据开放中利益冲突的理论基础。在罗尔斯正义论的指引下,对公共数据开放中的相关者利益进行权利化配置:为提供可开放数据的自然人配置个人数据权利;为加工和使用数据的数据控制人配置衍生数据主体权利,并对其行为进行合理限制;为数据监督主体配置民事权利;为保障数据共享、自由流动,对公共利益保护予以特别考虑。

There are many conflicts of interest in the opening of public data,which have their external and internal causes.Data has great use value,data creates wealth and realizes data increment,which becomes the external cause of conflict of interest in data opening.There are many stakeholders in the data that are the internal causes of the conflict:the natural person who produces the personal data,the data controller who uses the data,and the data supervisor who supervises the open data stimulating the conflict of interest because of the collision of the interests of each other.Taking Rawls’s theory of justice as the theoretical guide is based on the scientific nature of the theory and the logical fit for the coordination of interests.Rawls’s theory of justice has three connotations and two principles:connotations of“prohibition of depriving others of their interests,social service,human dignity”and principles of“freedom,and equality,freedom,fairness and difference”.Under the guidance of Rawls’s theory of justice,the rights of stakeholders in the opening of public data are allocated:personal data rights for natural persons who provide open data,derivative data subject rights for data controllers who use data and reasonable restrictions on their behavior,data supervision subject’s allocation of civil rights,and special consideration of public interest protection to ensure data sharing and free flow.