“领导党制”:类型学视角的中国政体新认识

“Leading Party System”:The New Understanding of Chinese State Polity from the Perspective of Typology

长期以来,国际社会尤其是西方国家对中国的政体模式存在一种“道德偏见”,质疑中国共产党在国家权力结构中的地位。与西方国家议会内政党不同,对于一些非西方国家的建国型政党而言,政党领导并建立了国家政权,由此形成一种政党—国家体制。依据政体分类逻辑即按照政治权力中心的标准,在政党—国家体制下可以提炼出一种“领导党制”政体模式。中国的“领导党制”是由领导机关(中国共产党)、立法机关(人民代表大会)、行政机关、监察机关、司法机关所构成的“五位一体”模式,这是中国政治发展的历史逻辑、理论逻辑和实践逻辑的必然结果。“领导党制”模式突破了传统西方政体理论仅从政党—政府体制角度划分政体类型的做法,为理解某些后发国家的政体提供新的类型学视角的认识。

For a long time,the international society,especially the Western society,has a kind of“moral prejudice”against China’s state polity model,questioning the status of the CPC in the state power structure.Different from political parties in parliaments in Western countries,for some state-building parties in non-Western societies,political parties lead and establish state power,thus forming a party-state system.According to the polity classification logic,that is,in accordance with the standard of the center of political power,the leading party system can be extracted as a polity model under the party-state system.China’s leading party system is a“five-in-one”model composed of leading institution(the CPC),legislative institution(the People’s Congress),administrative institution,supervisory institution,and judicial institution.It is the inevitable result of the historical logic,theoretical logic and practical logic of Chinese political development.The leading party system model breaks through the traditional practice of Western polity theories that only divides the polity type from the perspective of the party-government system,and provides a new typological perspective for understanding the polity of some underdeveloped countries.