偏颇抵押的本体论与法律适用

The Ontology and Law Application of Biased Mortgage

偏颇抵押指债务人事后为个别债权人设定抵押,影响了其他债权人平等受偿权益实现的行为。遗憾的是,规制偏颇抵押行为的传统规范未能厘清偏颇抵押的本质,为偏颇抵押限定了一些伪要件,导致该规范不能满足审判实践的需要。是故,应对偏颇抵押行为的法律适用问题作出适时调整。偏颇抵押与诈害行为本质相通,可适用诈害行为规则。在构成要件方面,为个别债权人提供抵押是偏颇性最为直观的行为表现;"明知或应知"的主观要件将区分适用于民事领域与商事领域、民事领域中的有偿抵押与无偿抵押;"影响其他债权人平等受偿权益实现"的损害要件是偏颇性的本旨表现,还将衍生出事后抵押的时间要件。在法律效果方面,偏颇抵押行为可撤销;作为从行为的抵押行为还将受主行为的效力影响。恶意串通、通谋虚伪而为的偏颇抵押的效力等皆有待进一步厘清。行为被撤销后的财产利益归属于债务人。

Biased mortgage refers to the behavior that the debtor sets mortgage for individual creditor afterwards,which affects the realisation of other creditor’s equal rights and interests.It is a pity that the traditional norms of regulating biased mortgage fail to clarify the essence of biased mortgage,and set some false requirements for biased mortgage,which leads to that the norms could not meet the needs of trial practice.Therefore,it is necessary to make timely adjustment to the legal application of biased mortgage.The nature of biased mortgage is similar to that of fraudulent acts,so the fraudulent acts rule can be applied.In terms of constitutive requirements,providing mortgage for individual creditors is the most intuitive behavior of bias;The subjective requirement of"knowing or ought to know"will distinguish between the civil and commercial fields,and between the paid mortgage and the unpaid mortgage in the civil field.The damage requirement of"affecting the realization of other creditors’equal compensation rights and interests"is the main expression of bias,and it will also generate the time requirement for setting mortgage afterwards.In terms of legal effect,biased mortgage can be revocable;The mortgage act as an accessory act will also be affected by the effectiveness of the principal act.The effect of biased mortgage with malicious collusion and false collusion should be further clarified.The property interest after the revocation of the act is vested in the debtor.