国际文化遗产保护历程演变(1931—2005年)——以ICOMOS相关文件为例

The Evolution of International Cultural Heritage Conservation(1931-2005)——Cases of ICOMOS Documents

本文通过梳理1931至2005年年由国际古迹遗址理事会制定的文化遗产保护文件,分析20世纪以来国际文化遗产保护历程的发展与演变。本文认为,文化遗产是不断发展与逐步完善的概念。这体现在两方面:其一是文化遗产保护对象的整体化与多样化,即保护对象从历史古迹单体扩大到古迹遗址和周边环境,再发展到由历史城镇、城区和地区组成的城市整体,最后涵盖多样的文化遗产类型;其二是文化遗产保护原则的体系化与多样化,即从强调保护古迹遗址的原真性到保护城市的整体性再发展到保护文化遗产的独特性与多样性。我国20世纪80年代至今的文化遗产保护历程与国际上有一定的相似性。我国遗产保护工作在本土遗产特色的基础上逐步融合ICOMOS宪章的原则与理念,这表明了国际文化遗产保护历程演变对我国文化遗产保护认知与实践具有重要的影响。

Through reviewing the cultural heritage conservation documents developed by International Council on Monuments and Sites from 1931 to 2005,this paper summarizes the development and evolution of international cultural heritage conservation since the twentieth century.This paper argues that cultural heritage is a developing concept.This is reflected from two aspects.The first is the integration and diversification of the objects of cultural heritage conservation,that is,from historical monuments to monuments and sits,then to the city as a whole,which is composed of historical towns,urban areas and regions,and finally covering diverse types of cultural heritage.The second is the systematization and diversification of the principles of cultural heritage conservation,which is from emphasizing the authenticity of monuments and sites to the integrity of cities and to the uniqueness and diversity of cultural heritage.The experience of cultural heritage conservation in China since the 1980s is similar to the evolution of international cultural heritage conservation.China has maintained the characteristics of Chinese heritage,and gradually integrated the principles and concepts of the ICOMOS conservation documents,which has showed that the evaluation of the international cultural heritage conservation has important impact on the cognition and practice of cultural heritage conservation in China.