略论明清时期西北民间小戏的传承、传播与“在地化”

On the Inheritance,Dissemination and Localization of Northwest Folk Dramas in Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期西北民间小戏传承、传播繁盛,特别是有清一代,民间小戏不仅传承人数众多,而且涉及剧种面广,几乎每一个剧种都有为数不少的戏班。从传承上,西北民间小戏体现了家庭班社、自组班社的特点;从传播上,西北民间小戏有艺人流动传播、移民带入传播等形式特点。需要注意的是,进入传播地的民间小戏大都面临“在地化”适应性的选择,一些民间小戏新剧种的产生就是不断进行自我调适,实现“在地化”的结果。从传承、传播及“在地化”三个维度观照民间小戏,不仅可以看到西北民间小戏传承传播的特有形态,而且亦可看到其生存、发展及“在地化”背后蕴含的基本逻辑。

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,folk dramas in Northwest China has been inherited and disseminated prosperously.In particular,there has been not only a large number of inheritors,but also a wide range of dramas in Qing Dynasties.Almost every type of drama has a large number of troupes.From the perspective of inheritance,northwest folk drama embodies the characteristics of family drama troupe and self-built drama troupe.From the point of view of communication,the northwest folk drama has the form characteristics of artist flow communication and immigration flow communication.It should be noted that most of the folk dramas entering the dissemination area are faced with the choice of localization.Moreover,the emergence of new types of folk drama is the result of continuous self-adjustment and localization.From the perspective of inheritance,communication and localization,the unique form of inheritance and communication,but also the basic logic of its survival and development can be perceived.