古建筑雷电灾害及防雷技术研究综述

Review of lightning disasters and lightning protection technologies of ancient buildings

古建筑是宝贵的历史文化遗产,雷电灾害是威胁古建筑安全的主要因素之一。本文首先较完整地介绍了古建筑雷电灾害的总体研究进展,分别综述了古建筑构件的雷击破坏特征和机理,以及古建筑雷击起火灾害成因、方式和影响因素等方面研究现状,建议在雷击模拟试验基础上利用数值模拟分析方法研究雷击破坏基础性问题。分析了古建筑绝缘避雷与采用防雷装置接闪泄流两种方法,认为后者科学合理。通过归纳古建筑雷电防护技术研究进展、古建筑防雷新技术方法和装置,分析了古建筑防雷技术标准现状。最后,提出古建筑防雷有待深入研究的方向,包括开展古建筑雷击破坏机理、实用的防雷新技术、古建筑雷击选择性、雷击精细化监测预警等,特别是加强古建筑防雷新技术研究,尽量减小对古建筑原貌的影响,做好古建筑的防雷保护是非常关键和必要的。

Ancient buildings are precious historical and cultural heritage,but lightning disaster is one of the main factors threatening the safety of the ancient buildings. In this paper,the overall research progress of lightning disasters and lightning protection technologies in ancient buildings were introduced. The damage characteristics and mechanism of the lightning on ancient building components,as well as the causes,methods,and influencing factors of lightning fire disasters in ancient buildings were reviewed,respectively. The analysis method of numerical simulation is recommended to study the basic problems of lightning damage based on the lightning simulation experiment. Then the two methods of the insulation protection of ancient buildings and the use of lightning protection devices to flash and discharge were analyzed. The latter is considered to be more scientific and reasonable. The research progress of the lightning protection technologies of ancient buildings were summarized,and the new technical methods and devices of lightning protection on ancient buildings were given. The current situation of lightning protection technical standards of ancient buildings was analyzed. Finally,the main topics for further research on the lightning protection of ancient buildings were proposed,including research on the damage mechanism of lightning,practical new technologies for lightning protection,lightning selectivity of ancient buildings,and refined monitoring and early warning of lightning,especially strengthen the study of new technology on the lightning protection of ancient buildings. It is very critical and necessary to do a good job of lightning protection while minimizing the influence of the original appearance of ancient buildings as much as possible.