生命选择与死亡尊严:权利保障视角下生前预嘱的立法规制——以《民法典》和《基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》部分条款为切入点

Life Choice and death dignity:The legislative regulation of living wills from the perspective of rights protection——Take the Civil Code and“health and Health Law”partial article as the breakthrough point

建立生前预嘱法律制度俨然成为当今世界许多国家医疗卫生领域的立法趋势或推广潮流。生前预嘱法律制度的基本理念与价值核心旨在保障临终病人的自主决定权和维护其死亡尊严,而临终病人的自主决定权作为一项特殊群体或少数人的权利,理应在立法中以权利束的形式得以呈现。但是在我国,建立生前预嘱法律制度仍然面临很大程度上的困境和挑战。《民法典》和《基本医疗卫生与健康促进法》的部分条款对于公民相关权利的建构,堪称是消弭目前立法困境和制度摩擦,并加速生前预嘱法律制度在我国“落地生根”的过渡性回应和立法进步。面向未来,我国应当在域外立法经验和本国国情的基础之上,加快生前预嘱的相关立法进程,以期更好地维护临终病人的相关权利。

The establishment of living will legal system has become the trend in the field of health legislation or promotion in many countries.The basic idea and core value of the legal system of living will is to protect the right of decision-making and the dignity of dying patients,the right of self-determination of terminal patients,as a special group or a minority right,should be presented in the form of right bundle in legislation.But in our country,the establishment of living will legal system is still facing great difficulties and challenges.Some of the provisions of the Civil Code and the Basic Medical Care and Health Promotion Act can eliminate the current legislative difficulties and institutional frictions in the construction of citizens'relevant rights,speeding up the transitional response and legislative progress of the living will legal system in our country.Facing the future,China should speed up the legislative process of living wills on the basis of the experience of extraterritorial legislation and national conditions,so as to better protect the rights of terminally ill patients.